Buxoro davlat universiteti xorijiy tillar fakulteti xorijiy til va adabiyoti kafedrasi

Conclusion
This meaning brings us into the sphere of the abstract, and shows that in transference based on resemblance an association may be built not only between two physical objects, but also between a concrete object and an abstract concept. The noun bar from the original meaning barrier developed a figurative meaning realized in such contexts as social bars, colour bar, racial bar. Here, again, as in the abstract meaning of branch, a concrete object is associated with an abstract concept. The noun star on the basis of the meaning "heavenly body" developed the meaning "famous actor or actress". Nowadays the meaning has considerably widened its range, and the word is applied not only to screen idols (as it was at first), but, also, to popular sportsmen (e. g. football stars), pop-singers, etc. Of course, the first use of the word star to denote a popular actor must have been humorous or ironical: the mental picture created by the use of the word in this new meaning was a kind of semi-god surrounded by the bright rays of his glory. Yet, very soon the ironical colouring was lost, and, furthermore the association with the original meaning considerably weakened and is gradually erased. The meanings formed through this type of transference are frequently found in the informal strata of the vocabulary, especially in slang (see Ch. 1). A red-headed boy is almost certain to be nicknamed carrot or ginger by his schoolmates, and the one who is given to spying and sneaking gets the derogatory nickname of rat. Both these meanings are metaphorical, though, of course, the children using them are quite unconscious of this fact. The slang meanings of words such as nut, onion (= head), saucers (= eyes), hoofs (= feet) and very many others were all formed by transference based on resemblance. Language transfer as a linguistic concept has always been considered and seen as a phenomenon which occurs in language learning situations. The two definitions below represent the most common views. Behaviorist psychologists, who first defined ‘transfer’ technically, used it to refer to a process described as the automatic, uncontrolled, and subconscious use of past learner behaviours in the attempt to produce new responses. In this sense, transfer may be of two types: ‘negative’ and ‘positive’. ‘Negative transfer’ refers to those instances of transfer which result in error because old, habitual behaviour is different from the new behaviour that is being learned. For example, if one has regularly driven a car where the gear shift is on the floor, one will invariably reach for the floor when first attempting to drive a new car whose gear shift is on the steering column. In contrast, ‘positive transfer’ results in correct performance because the new behaviour is the same as the old. In our gear shift example above, positive transfer would operate if the new car also had its gear shift on the floor – the old and new gear shifting would be the same. Both types of transfer refer to the automatic and subconscious use of old behaviour in new learning situations. Transference-focused therapy is used to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD) and other personality disorders. It uses the relationship between you and your therapist as a window into your sense of self. When the intense emotions that often accompany personality disorders arise in therapy, the therapist will encourage you to explore your experience as it is associated with the relationship. For example, if your mood suddenly shifts during a therapy session, your therapist may ask you about what they noticed in your own internal world. They may also ask you about what you observed in their behavior. The goal of transference-focused therapy is to help people with BPD reflect on their emotions and give them more control over how they respond to these emotions. A person’s social relationships and mental health may be affected by transference, as transference can lead to harmful patterns of thinking and behavior. The primary concern is generally the fact that, in the case of transference, an individual is not seeking to establish a relationship with a real person, but with someone onto whom they have projected feelings and emotions.
When transference occurs in a therapeutic setting, a therapist may be able to better understand an individual by gaining knowledge of the projected feelings and, through this new understanding, help the person in therapy achieve results and recovery. By understanding how transference is occurring, a mental health professional may be better able to understand both a person’s condition and/or aspects of the person’s early life that affect them in the present. Transference may often occur between a therapist and a person in therapy. For example, the therapist may be viewed as an all-knowing guru, an ideal lover, the master of a person’s fate, a fierce opponent, and so on. Proponents of psychoanalysis believe that transference is a therapeutic tool crucial in understanding an individual’s unconscious or repressed feelings. Healing is believed to be more likely to occur once these underlying issues are effectively exposed and addressed. A therapist might also educate a person in treatment on the identification of various situations in which transference may be taking place. Techniques such as journaling can allow a person in therapy to identify possible patterns in both thought and behavior, through the review and comparison of past entries. When examples of problematic transference become more recognizable, a person in therapy may be able to explore why the transference occurs and help prevent its recurrence. In psychotherapy, transference is an important concept to pay close attention to, as it can potentially cause a wedge between a client/therapist relationship. However, transference can also have a positive impact when guided by an experienced therapist to help their client recognize their emotions. It would be unwise to be the amateur therapist for a friend or family member because transference can endanger the relationship. As wounds begin to surface, the role that you play can morph into something that can be unintended. Transference can have a positive impact on therapy when used correctly. This happens when the client is able to recognize the projection they are demonstrating when the therapist addresses it. The client is then able to make the connection that they exercise this kind of projection with other people in their life. Once the client has this insight they can work on addressing issues in their interpersonal relationships that may have been caused by this kind of projection in the past. This leads to healing in the therapy relationship and with others as well. One study found that benefits of transference as it pertains to psychotherapy include improved insight and affect expression. Some believe transference feelings signify a deeper issue or lingering feelings in your life. When you experience a strong reaction to something the therapist says or does, therefore, it may help hint at that suppressed feeling that is at the root of that reaction. In these instances, a therapist can take time to better understand a person’s projected feelings and help identify the cause of the experienced emotions. Fortunately, there are also some ways to identify and normalize these types of attachments with your therapist. Start by recognizing that developing a close attachment with your therapist through transference feelings happens all the time. Because many therapists are interested in relational issues, they are able to openly discuss why the projections might be occurring. If you are made uncomfortable by your feelings, you can simply detail them to your therapist, and they’ll help address the situation.When projected feelings of transference start to show up in the therapy relationship, try to step back and remind yourself that this is your therapist and not the person you have these suppressed feelings for. You can make a list of the ways your therapist is different from the person you have these feelings about to help distinguish the two, while taking time to clear your mind before a session begins. If you feel your emotions will greatly impact your ability to receive a positive outcome, it is always possible to seek out support from another therapist and practice. In a therapy setting, countertransference occurs when a therapist begins to project his or her own unresolved conflicts onto their clients. While transference between a client and a therapist is a well-known possibility, it is important for a therapist to be able to identify countertransference when it happens and try to remain neutral


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