Border Troubles: Urban Nature and The Remaking Of Public or Private Divides

Figure N1
outlines the key aspects of the charitable trust model for Newcastle’s parks and 
precincts.
Figure 1. 
However, even with the 
"charity" model
, funding sources that include "turning the gardens 
into income generators" continue to be attracted. The 
first problem
: the question of "who 
are the parks for" arose against the background of privatization. As a result, there are 
concerns that the public will be unable to pay for parking and park activities. The 
second 
problem
is related to the historical significance of the parks. 
Because
the "new public green 
spaces" in the UK are held to a very high standard as symbols of city government and 
excellence. By now, the new business model for parks is breaking the continuity of 
management that dates back to the nineteenth century. 
So, the consultation in Newcastle 
offered citizens the option to transfer only gardens into the trust
. Besides, in Newcastle, 
it was not for nothing that the criticism that the public who could not afford to pay would 
be excluded from participation. 
 

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Two Rivers Urban Park, Cape Town
Figure 2. Proposed location for Two Rivers Urban Park, Cape Town. Source: 
Cartographic Unit, Durham University.
The main areas here are an eco-village, Valkenburg Psychiatric Medical Technology Park, 
a private leisure club, a golf course, a river, and green, blue field open space. 
Current problem: very little recreational use and high pollution, population density is 
increasing. 
In order to restore the "nature of the city", it was necessary to acquire a part of the land and 
private intervention.