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Table 2 Overview of tourist motives and types of tourism according to Bernecker
Motivational groups, ie. Motivation
Corresponding tourist groups,
ie. Types of tourism
The physical motivation
- Vacation (natural regeneration of strength)
- Healing (establishment of physical health)
- Sport (physical activity)
Tourism for resting
Spa tourism
Sports tourism
(also in a passive sense )
Mental motivation
- Getting out of the daily isolation
- Entertainment
- Desire for experience
Experiential tourism
that appears
during the process of education and
recovery in the club's tourism
Interpersonal Motivation
- Visiting friends and acquaintances
- Socializing
- Escapism (distancing from too civilized
everyday life and return
ing
to nature)
Family tourism
Team tourism, experiential tourism
Camping tourism
Cultural motivation
- Learning about other countries, their customs
and language
- Interest in arts
- Religious travel
Educational tourism
Pilgrimage
Status and prestige motivations
- Personal development (further education)
- The desire for knowledge and appreciation
Business and congress tourism
Experiential and congress tourism
About fifteen years later, Kaspar (1978), a famous theoretician of tourism from
Switzerland, revitalized such a division.
The World Tourism Organization OIOOT-OMT gave quite an elaborated
division of motives cited by Lanquar (1985). This division includes three major
groups of motives or needs (ibid. 11):
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SOCIAL MOTIVES
o
Need:
for imitation, or how to be set up in the group,
for uniqueness, or how to be different from the group
to be accepted or how to leave your responsibilities,
for responsibility, or how to impose yourself,
for self-actualization, cultural and pseudo cultural aspirations
for contacts with different civilizations,
for understanding the world and events in it,
to personally see and touch what our information shows us or the complex
of unbelieving Thomas,
for a certain massive aesthetic,
to get away from the traditional framework of everyday existence or
changing of décor
for changing everyday humane environment, or seeking new people.
FAMILY OR TRIBAL MOTIVES
o
Needs:
to find a particular family lifestyle which is destroyed or disabled by
everyday life,
for gathering a family group, with the reestablishment of its structure and
authority,
to leave the family if it is too narrow minded or restrains the acting of an
individual
to participate in the life of a child during its formation in a following way:
education or demonstration of erudition of an adult, a demonstration of
strength and skill.
A PERSONAL OR EGOISTIC MOTIVES
o
Needs:
for reestablishing the contact with nature, or complex of Antejev
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to escape from stress and pressures: collective, professional, family,
religious, social, or a need for a "decompression"
for knowledge and familiarizing with something
aspirations towards self-realization: through culture and contact with other
civilizations through art activities
Tarzan complex or narcissism, or the need to be liked by others or to like
yourself at the same time;
the need and the right to dream, or how to get out from one’s everyday
personality, living beyond one’s possibilities for three weeks,
infantilism, or baby complex that allows things which normally cannot be
achieved, as well as rejecting the prohibitions: wearing floral patterned
shorts, changing the mealtime, eating ice cream in the middle of the street
and similar...
need for activity or necessity to play not only in the sense of optional
activities, but also in the terms of educational activities,
nomadic needs, or complex of Attila, or to escape from the everyday world,
need for complete, or complex activities from "do it yourself" to the
development of applied arts and crafts,
the need to escape from the noise and pressures of all kinds, or the
establishment, recreation of a mental psychological balance,
psychological need which may take the following forms: of voluntary and
real activity, of complete rest, according to the state and the individual's
mood,
need to seduce, or complex of a snake, sex put into its place along with the
hope for flirtation and adventure
the need to escape from everyday responsibilities.
During the analysis of such a dynamic and quite sophisticated aspect in its many
manifestation, it is normal to expect a different interpretation of the observed
aspect. Besides, the number of authors is in the discrepancy defining certain
motives by identification of need and motivation which could derive from it.
However, most of them agree that there are a certain number of factors, which
practically have a simultaneously affect, and it results difficult to avoid
preference in the interpretation.
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2.1.2
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