Белорусский государственный

Phonation
– voicing, the vibration of the vocal cords. 
Phone
– a sound realized in speech and which bears some individual, stylistic and social 
characteristics of the speaker. 
Phoneme
– a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech 
sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of 
morphemes and words. According to this definition the phoneme is a unity of three aspects: 
material, abstract and functional. See also 
allophone
. 
Phonemic 
– see 
transcription
, 
phonology
. The study of the distinctive sound units of a 
language, the patterns they form, and the rules which regulate their use. 
Phonemic component:
this component of the phonetic structure manifests itself in the 
system of separate phonemes and their allophones. 
Phonemic neutralization – the loss of one or more distinctive features of a phoneme in the 
weak position. 
Phonemic transcription
– see 
broad transcription
. 
Phonetic mistakes
– if an allophone of the phoneme is replaced by another allophone of the 
phoneme the mistake is called phonetic. It happens when the invariant of the phoneme is not 
modified and consequently the meaning of the word is not affected 
Phonetic oppositions
– comparison of sounds, words and morphemes in order to single out 
their minimal distinctive features. 
Phonetic styles (styles of pronunciation) 
– different ways of pronunciation, caused by 
extralinguistic factors and characterized by definite phonetic features. 
Phonetic style-forming means
– each phonetic style is characterized by a specific 
combination of certain segmental and prosodic features. Segmental style-forming means are: the 
degree of assimilation, reduction, elision. Prosodic style-forming means are: departure from a norm 
of loudness, tonal variation, variations of pitch levels, departure from a normal tempo, pauses.