3.5 Primer surfacers
3.5.1 Development of primer surfacers
The second layer usually applied after the primer is the primer surfacer or filler. These two
names reflect the fact that the second layer has to cover the surface structure of the primer and
to provide a degree of “filling”. The concept of filling is very difficult to define and the influencing
factors are described in more detail in Chapter 3.5.2. First, filling power is a subjective visual
impression of a coating system that forms a layer of adequate thickness and attractiveness on
the surface of a substrate. Some of the requirements are fulfilled when the layer covers the
structure of the substrate or the underlying layer effectively. To achieve that, the primer sur-
facer should form films with excellent levelling and smoothness. Smooth surfaces are achieved
very simply by sanding a coating layer. In the past, primer surfacers were sanded extensively
to create optimum application conditions for topcoats. The main goal of primer surfacers at
that time was to provide a combination of optimum levelling and sandability after film forming.
The primer surfacers contained resins which achieved the goals of optimum pigment wetting
and high hardness by physical drying and crosslinking. Those primer surfacers had relatively
high pigment volume concentrations (PVC) and the most common colour for primer surfacers
is still grey. The high quantities of extenders and pigments are the reason that, as mentioned
above, the resins have to achieve optimum pigment wetting. Products used in the past were
a combination of alkyd resins, modified by smaller quantities of long-chain, unsaturated fatty
acids (e.g. technical grade 9,12-linoleic acid obtained from cottonseed oil, soy oil, sunflower oil,
and 9,11-linoleic acid from dehydrogenated castor oil). The crosslinkers were urea resins, which
are notable for their high hardness and adhesion. The stoving temperatures for such primer
surfacers were 160 to 180 °C. Film thicknesses were 35 to 40 µm. Urea resins were preferred to
melamine resins because of their greater stability to overstoving. Besides the aforementioned
properties, primer surfacers, both past and present, have to bestow excellent adhesion on the
primer and to produce layers that offer adequate intercoat adhesion for topcoats. Since the main
demands on primers surfacers were initially “merely” to provide filling and sandability, they
were additionally expected to be inexpensive. The ingredients of those primer surfacers, namely
alkyd resins, urea resins, and extenders, were relatively cheap. Today, such venerable primer
surfacer systems, with their high levels of extenders and the need for extensive sanding, would
be classified as spray fillers. When primers had to be sanded (due to coating failure), there
was the possibility that the metal surface would be exposed. In that event, the primer surfacer,
applied after the primer, had to provide some corrosion protection. Primer surfacers modified
so as to support corrosion resistance are defined as
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