3.2 Automotive coatings as a multilayer system
As mentioned in the last section, automotive coatings have always consisted of several different
layers. Despite all the trials aimed at streamlining the coating process, including reducing the
number of paint layers, cars are still being coated with multilayer systems. The main reason is that,
with a smaller number of coating layers, it is not possible for automotive paint systems to meet
the imposed requirements, which are now much stricter than in the past. It is an ongoing require-
ment that the properties must be enhanced. The various layers have to perform different functions.
In accordance with the aforementioned historical development, automotive coating systems now
consist of three layers, namely the primer, the primer surfacer or filler, and the topcoat.
Primers, together with pre-treatment methods, have to generate adhesion on the substrate (car
body) and to guarantee corrosion resistance. Fillers have to cover over any structures on the
substrate and yield smooth surfaces. The second most important demand on filler layers is to
absorb mechanical impact on the coating. Finally, the topcoat has to provide the colour, gloss and
levelling, and resistance to weathering, solvents, and chemicals. This three-layer system is still in
use today for solid colour coating systems (or straight shades, which are coatings without special
effects). Figure 3.2.1 shows the structure of such an automotive three-layer system.
The late 1960s saw the introduction of effect coatings, which initially consisted of aluminium pig-
ments. The effect stems from changes in brightness caused by variations in the amount of light
reflected from the surface as the viewing angle changes. Since effect pigments consist of rather
Automotive OEM coatings
43
Figure 3.2.1: Structure of three-layer automotive coating
large particles which are sensitive to environmental influences, the coating layer containing those
pigments is covered and protected by a clearcoat. In other words, the function of the topcoats is
split across several layers. The effect basecoat provides the colour, effect, and attractive appear-
ance. The clearcoat provides gloss, hardness, and resistance to weathering, solvents, and chemi-
cals. On account of the good experience gained with such four-layer coating systems, not only effect
paints, but also solid colour systems are applied as four-layer coatings. Since clearcoats offer the
ability to protect even “normal” pigments against light and weathering, the three-layer coatings
for solid colour systems will be replaced by their four-layer counterparts, despite the extra effort
involved in the application process. One advantage of this is that all colours (solid and effect) can
be applied in the same application line by the same method. Figure 3.2.2 shows a four-layer coating
system consisting first of a effect basecoat and second of a solid colour basecoat.
Although four layers are applied that perform different functions, it must be remembered that the
entire coating layer is just 90 to 120 µm thick, i.e. only slightly thicker than a human hair.
Figure 3.2.2: Four-layer coating with effect basecoat and solid colour basecoat
Automotive coatings as a multilayer system
44
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |