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3 Automotive OEM coatings
3.1 History of automotive coatings
The first automobiles built at the
end of the 19
th
century
still looked like light horse-drawn car-
riages. The first motorcars from Benz and Daimler featured of a steel pipe construction which was
coated with a black paint
[32]
. The paint material contained oxidative drying oils as binder (e.g.
linseed oil). To improve the drying behaviour, the oils were combined or cooked with natural hard
resins (e.g. copal). Nevertheless, the entire drying process often took several days if several paint
layers were applied. Soon after that (around
1900
), the car bodies were made of wood panels and
then finally steel panels. These were also coated with oil-based paints. Even at that time, car pro-
ducers went to a lot of effort to make their cars appeal to potential customers. The coating process
therefore became very important. It was very difficult to compensate for the surface structure of
wood and hammered steel panels with a coating process. First, a primer had to be applied that
took several days to dry. This was followed by up to three layers of filler (applied by brushing). All
the layers had to dry for several days before they could be sanded. Sanding had to be very done
carefully if optimum smooth surfaces were to be obtained. The real coating process started after
that. Two layers of pigmented pre-coat were applied, then two layers of transparent topcoat, a
clear flatting varnish, and finally the clear, glossy overcoat. Each of these coats took approximately
two days to dry before the next one could be applied. In between, minor repairs and additional
sanding would have been performed. While the transparent topcoats were drying that lasted up
to eight days, the inside of the car was decorated with a wallcovering. The entire coating process
required approximately 27 process steps and lasted from 200 to 300 hours. Although some white
models were available (e.g. a white Mercedes car from Daimler in 1904), most of the cars were
black. The colour was produced using tar and carbon black pigments (ivory black). It is believed
that this colour was chosen to keep down the cost of the cars and because the weathering resist-
ance was significantly better than that of coloured cars. The first cars were hand-made. Neverthe-
less, the goal soon became to reduce the very long application times for painting the car bodies.
Meanwhile, car production companies were being founded in the USA, e.g. such as the later Ford
Motor Company in Detroit in 1903. In
1908
, it started producing a less expensive two-seater
cabriolet that became a very famous best-seller: the T-Model Ford. To boost productivity, Henry
Ford introduced the first conveyor belt production line in
1913
[33]
. As the long drying time of the
paints was the most critical problem, drying ovens were installed to speed it up. These ovens were
called light tunnels as they were fitted with carbon arc lamps. The freshly painted and pre-dried
car bodies were stored in long rows of tents so that they could dry out. A significant improvement
came with the development of the first synthetic resins (phenol resins)
[34]
for blending with the
drying oils. Such combinations formed the basis for topcoats with bright colours, for example the
famous, grass-green Opel
Laubfrosch
(“tree frog”). But the biggest step toward reducing the drying
time was the introduction of paints based on cellulose nitrate in the
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