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gomers require a much lower quantity of solvent to achieve the viscosity for the application form.
The process by which very large molecules are formed after application under defined conditions
– mainly in a relatively short time – is that of crosslinking. Crosslinking is the reaction of different
functional groups of the resins to form high molecular three-dimensional networks. The various
functional groups which react with each other may be localised in one type of resin molecule.
This type of reaction is called self-crosslinking. But in most cases the different functional groups
belong to different resins and the reaction takes place between the molecules of different resins.
This reaction is called co-crosslinking. The crosslinking reactions take place under different
conditions. If the reactivity is high enough, crosslinking may take place at ambient temperature
(room temperature). In that case, the reactive parts of the entire coating formulation have to be
handled separately. In most cases, the coating material is supplied as two components (mainly
a base component and the so-called hardener – the crosslinker which is normally the smaller
amount of the two). Such paint systems are called two-component paints. Both components have
to be properly mixed just before application. After mixing, the paint must be applied within a
certain period of time if the coating is to form the optimum film. This time is called the pot-life.
Most users of two-component paints ask for pot-lives of up to six hours.
In other cases, the crosslinking reaction takes place at ambient temperatures but the reaction
has to be started by the addition of catalysts or initiators. Without those additions, the coating
materials are stable in storage. Storage stability is defined as the period of time during which
coating systems can be applied without undergoing a change in application form, mainly without
changing the viscosity too much. And, of course, the resultant film properties must be the same as
those of fresh materials. Users of various coating materials require a minimum storage time that
has to be guaranteed by the supplier. The most common requirement is six months. Such storage
stabilities are achieved by resin combinations which are less reactive at ambient temperature.
After application, the resin combinations react at higher temperatures to form crosslinked film
networks. These paint systems are called stoving lacquers (also stoving enamels or baking enam-
els). Although most of these paint systems consist of two or more different reactive resins, they
are defined as one-component paints if the entire mixture can be supplied in one container.
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