2.2.2 Water-borne solutions Only a few polymers (binders) are water-soluble as such. However, it is possible to transfer
resins bearing hydrophobic building blocks into the aqueous phase through modification with
hydrophilic groups. There are two ways to do this. The first is to modify resins with ionic groups
(anions or cations) which are hydrophilic and act as carrier groups in water-borne systems. The
second is to modify resins with non-ionic but hydrophilic groups (e.g. with polyether side chains)
to generate water tolerance. In both cases, the colloidal state is more pronounced than in the case
of true water-borne solutions. The particles are often larger than in true colloidal solutions and
virtually form dispersion particles. But the key difference is that such particles do not have well
defined particle interfaces. Unlike dispersions, the particles can readily form homogeneous films.
The first way of forming water-borne solutions is preferred. If the ions for modification are com-
bined with partner ions that can evaporate, the hydrophilic character is lost after film formation.
This is an advantage, of course, where films have to resist water and humidity.
2.2.3 Water-borne dispersions The technical definition of the term dispersion is an extremely fine distribution of a polymer (resin)
in a liquid medium which does not dissolve the polymer. The most important liquid medium is
water. The distribution of the fine polymer particles must be stabilised. This is most commonly
achieved with emulsifiers (surfactants), which consist of molecules that have hydrophilic and
hydrophobic parts. The emulsifiers align themselves on the surface of the polymer particles such
that the hydrophobic parts interact with the polymer and the hydrophilic part interacts with the
outer phase, water. Thus, the polymer particles themselves can be prevented from interacting and
causing coagulation. The hydrophilic parts of the polymer molecules may also act as a stabiliser
to produce behaviour closely resembling that of a water-borne colloidal solution. The transition
between colloidal solutions and dispersions is therefore a fluid one.
The classical physical definitions of solutions and dispersions characterise them in terms of par-
ticle size and their interaction with electromagnetic radiation (light). These classical definitions
do not hold in the case of the distribution of polymers, however. There is evidence that particles
of organic colloidal solutions, water-borne colloidal solutions, and dispersions can have the same
particle size. What is important for the application form and film formation is the differences in
the particle surfaces. In dispersions, they are well defined (sharp) and, for the purpose of creating
homogeneous films, the barrier presented by such particle surfaces has to be overcome.