26
of suitable solvents and so paint
formulators base their choices on
experience
and solvent availabil-
ity. Besides solvating power, other
parameters must be considered
in relation to solvents. The most
important are the application con-
ditions
and the behaviour of the
paints after application.
The best solvents, in the physical
sense, are those which interact
most extensively with the polymer
molecules of resins. Such solvent
molecules
penetrate the polymer
coils effectively to form relatively
large colloidal particles. The result-
ant solutions are very stable and are
more viscous than other solutions
(see Chapter 2.2.1 for a description
of viscosity). Of course, high stabil-
ity meets one of the basic require-
ments on paint properties, but high
viscosity is a disadvantage when it comes to applying the paint. The optimum solutions for paints
are those which have – for a given application viscosity – the highest solids content (polymer
content, nonvolatiles). Low-viscosity solutions with the same solids content are made using less
effective solvents in the physical sense. These may have a thinning effect. But the solution must
remain stable. Paints therefore very often contain a combination of solvents in which so-called
latent solvents serve to create either optimum solution stability and low viscosity or the highest
solids content for a specific viscosity. Figure 2.5 shows the solution viscosity as a function of solids
content for a good solvent in the physical sense and a solvent blend with a thinning effect.
Of particular importance for the application behaviour of paints is the solvent evaporation rate.
For optimum film forming, solvents must evaporate from the film layer uniformly and completely.
Thus, the choice of solvent must reflect the application conditions, e.g. application method, time,
temperature, air circulation (see Chapter 2.3.1). Although solvent parameters are not widely used
for calculations, there are some basic rules for choosing solvents. Polymers (resins) and solvents
are classified according to the polarity of their molecules. Polarity is the efficiency with which
solvents or polymers can acquire a charge on parts of their molecules. It is mainly exhibited by
hetero atoms, e.g. the oxygen atom in hydroxyl, ester, carbonyl, and ether groups. Thus, it is pos-
sible to rank solvents by their polarity. The following list of solvent groups is ranked in descending
order of polarity: alcohols, ethers, esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, terpene hydrocarbons,
aliphatic hydrocarbons. Within these groups, molecules with long aliphatic chains are less polar
than those with short alkyl chains.
Another important aspect is the environmental and physiological behaviour of solvents. Some
solvents commonly used in the past have been defined as toxic or harmful to health. Their use
has therefore been restricted or prohibited. There are also ecological reasons for limiting the
use of certain solvents. For example, halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons are
photolytic and may lead to smog. Table 2.1 presents a list of solvents which are no longer used
for paints, along with the reason.
Figure 2.5: Solution viscosity as a function of solids content for a
good solvent versus a solvent blend with a thinning effect
General aspects of coatings
27
Other solvents have to be labelled if their content in paints exceeds a specific level (xylene,
turpentine oil, tetraline, and butylglycol). Additionally, there are restrictions and limitations as
regards transportation regulations. For the purpose of fire protection, solvents are ranked by
flash point. The flash point of a solvent is the temperature at which a mixture of solvent vapour
and air is ignited by an approaching naked flame. An important temperature limit is 21°C
[22]
. The
auto-ignition temperature of a solvent must be borne in mind where solvents are used to prepare
solutions at high temperatures (e.g. solutions of alkyd resins and polyesters after their manufac-
ture). Table 2.2 lists the suitable solvents for automotive paints and their physical characteristics
(boiling temperature, vapour pressure,
evaporation rate, density, and flash point).
For several years, now, requirements have been imposed that are aimed at reducing emissions of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs); in the paint industry, it is mainly solvents that are affected.
The first response was the development of paints which can be applied at high solids content
(high-solid paints). A parallel development came in the form of water-borne paints and solventless
paints (e.g. powder coatings, coatings with reactive diluents).
Table 2.1: Solvents restricted due to their physiological behaviour
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