201
1.2 g/cm
3
, and solvents 0.85 g/cm
3
) – the figures are 8.9 % by volume solid and 91.1 % by volume
solvents. Covering 1 m
2
surface with a basecoat 15 µm thick leads to emissions of 130.5 g solvent.
Where transfer efficiencies from conventional spray guns are less than 60 %, emissions even
exceed 218 g solvent per m
2
. The application solid content was raised by selecting lower-molecu-
lar resins or alternative resins of optimum solubility along with suitable rheological additives.
Medium-solid basecoats are the largest class of solvent-borne basecoats currently used in Europe.
The application solid of a silver basecoat (comparable to the type described above) is about 22 % by
weight
[141]
. Solvent emissions from such basecoats have fallen to 69 g/m
2
, a figure which is nearly
half that of low-solid basecoats (130.5 g/m
2
). High-solid basecoats are primarily used in the USA,
where application solid are 25 % by weight or even higher (for silver basecoats)
[142]
. The amount
of solvent emitted from such high-solid basecoats is 36.2 g/m², or just 28 % of the figure for the
low-solid basecoats previously employed. Table 3.9.1 lists formulations for different basecoats and
the corresponding solvent emissions.
However, increasing the solid content of basecoats has given rise to some problems. Application
robustness is lower than for low-solid basecoats. Optimisation of medium-solid basecoats which
faithfully reproduce the colours and effects of the low-solid basecoats requires significant effort
both in formulation and in the application process. High-solid basecoats offer less application
robustness. It is no longer possible to duplicate the colour and effect of some very bright and light
coloured, low-solid basecoats. In Europe, especially, where customers request such colours, calls
to reduce solvent emissions have been increasing and have culminated in the development of
water-borne basecoats
[148]
. Water-borne basecoats still contain some solvent, known as cosolvents,
in addition to water as a liquid phase. The cosolvents boost the stability, application robustness,
and levelling of such basecoats. Water-borne basecoats have a much lower solvent content than
high-solid basecoats. However, the total solid content is comparable to that of medium-solid base-
coats, for example 22 % by weight. The solvent content of such a water-borne basecoat (silver-grey)
may be about 10 %. The calculated level of solvent emissions is 8.9 g solvent per m
2
. That is just
6.8 % of the emissions from low-solid solvent-borne basecoats of the same colour. Table 3.9.2 com-
pares the formulation for, and calculated solvent emissions, from a medium-solid basecoat and
a water-borne basecoat. In addition to the optimum low-solvent content, water-borne basecoats
that have the same solid content as medium-solid basecoats go a long way towards meeting the
requirements on colour, effect, and application robustness.
The conventional
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