199
do not evaporate, but are incorporated into the film matrix (molecular network). UV clearcoats
are 100 % systems since they do not emit any VOCs. The principle behind the co-crosslinking of
oligomer and reactive diluent is shown in Figure 3.8.27.
All initiators for UV crosslinking mainly contain the benzoyl structure. There are benzophenones,
benzoin ethers, benzils, benzil ketals, -hydroxyalkyl phenones,
α
-aminoalkyl phenones, and
benzoin
phosphine oxides
[171]
. Tertiary amines serve as UV sensitisers.
UV initiators and, where necessary, additional UV sensitisers are needed for starting the crosslink-
ing reaction because the energy density of UV light is not great enough to start the polymerisation
reaction directly. UV light is absorbed by the reactive groups of a UV initiator or a UV sensitiser,
which become excited. The photosensitisers transfer the excited state to the molecules of the initia-
tor partners. The excited initiator molecules generate free-radicals by decomposition or by abstrac-
tion of hydrogen atoms (hydrogen donor). The process is described in detail in the literature
[172]
.
The initiator free-radicals initiate free-radical chain polymerisation with the unsaturated groups
of the UV-clearcoat ingredients. The polymerisation reaction is comparable to that described for
the preparation of acrylic resins (see Chapter 3.8.3.1). Again, the various reaction steps are initia-
tion, chain propagation, and chain termination by recombination or chain transfer. Side-reactions
which may interfere with UV crosslinking are inhibition by atmospheric oxygen, by deactivation
of excited initiator molecules to generate light (fluorescence, phosphorescence), or by direct
recombination of initiator free-radicals.
UV curing is very efficient. It not only affords a relatively high crosslinking density, but it is also
believed that the molecular networks can be very extensive. Evidence of those network structures
can be obtained by comparing the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the temperature of con-
ventional clearcoat (melamine resin crosslinking) with that of a UV clearcoat (see Figure 3.8.28).
Judicious choice of ingredients (oligomers, reactive diluents) yields clearcoat layers which exhibit
an optimum balance of high hardness and flexibility, excellent chemical resistance, weathering
resistance and very good scratch resistance. Some initiators can cause temporary yellowing.
Clearcoats with such property profile would seem to be ideal for automotive OEM coating. Unfor-
tunately, however, there are three problem areas:
Figure 3.8.28: Modulus of elasticity as a function of temperature for a conventional clearcoat and a UV clearcoat
Clearcoats
200
•
inhibition by oxygen
• less crosslinking in folds,
shadow zones, and on inner parts of the car body
• effort and expense involved in modifying
the application line
Trials are underway to prevent inhibition by atmospheric oxygen through modifying resin compo-
nents with building blocks that boost reactivity, for example modification with tertiary amines.
Other projects are seeking to replace the natural atmosphere with carbon dioxide so as to avoid
the influence of oxygen. That would render crosslinking much more efficient. However, it is dif-
ficult to generate a carbon dioxide atmosphere dioxide for an application method involving a
conveyor belt process and for objects of such complex dimensions as car bodies.
Interesting results have been obtained with a process that uses a plasma gas atmosphere
[173]
. The
UV light generates free-radicals in the plasma gas that trigger the polymerisation process. There
is no inhibition by oxygen. An additional advantage is that the free-radicals of plasma gas can
penetrate into those parts which escape the reach of UV light. The outcome is efficient crosslink-
ing
over all parts of the car body, including shadow zones.
So far, trials have sought to combine different crosslinking methods in one coating material.
Besides UV curing, conventional crosslinking reactions can generate acceptable film proper-
ties without UV light. One such example is a combination of UV crosslinking and crosslinking
by polyisocyanate adducts
[174]
. Such products are called “dual cure systems”. The underlying
assumption of dual cure systems is that it is mainly the outer part of the car body which must
be resistant to weathering, chemicals, solvents and scratches and so the clearcoat is crosslinked
by both reaction mechanisms. For the interior car parts, crosslinking by polyisocyanates only is
assumed to be adequate. When the properties of such dual-cure clearcoats are tested, the out-
standing results of clearcoats crosslinked solely by UV light are not achieved.
A key problem is that application of the UV clearcoat entails completely rebuilding the application
line. Car producers are not prepared to expend time and money on that. Such systems may have
a chance wherever new application lines are planned in a new plant.
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