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To better capture the impression gained by the human eye, measurement of the so-called
dis-
tinctness of image
(DOI) was introduced, which is the sharpness in reproduction of a surface
reflection. The measured parameters are the mirror effect and the contrast of the mirror image.
The measurement is carried out visually by observing the mirror image of a black-and-white-
chequered specimen panel; or digitally by the camera-focusing principle. The DOI is quoted as a
number
[112]
. DOI measuring is also important for assessing the surface properties of OEM clear-
coats (see Chapter 3.8.2.1).
Gloss and DOI are influenced by the micro structure of topcoat
surfaces. The lower the quantity of
structures with wavelengths half the size of visible light, the higher is the gloss and the greater
is the DOI. Such surfaces are achieved through optimum levelling. However, the most important
precondition is that
the pigment particles are well wetted and incorporated perfectly into the
resin matrix of the film. The pigment volume concentration must therefore be much lower than
the theoretical critical value, which is the maximum volume packing density. The pigments
must be dispersed perfectly during production of the paint. And they may not agglomerate dur-
ing storage or application of the paint or during film forming. In addition, the resin components
must be compatible in solutions and in films. If resins are incompatible, this may give rise in
the films to domains whose interfaces may differ in optical density and generate lower gloss and
DOI values.
Until now, car producers and their customers requested high-gloss finishes, and car washes offer
high-gloss polishing after washing. Now, there is also talk of offering cars that have matt surfaces.
Matt surfaces are usually generated by adding sufficient quantities of pigment-like additives (e.g.
colloidal silicas), which generate a micro structure on the surface that scatters visible light. Or, the
topcoats deliberately contain an incompatible resin combination that creates the matt surface.
Reproducible colours are absolutely essential. First, customers like their cars to come in the colour
which they selected from colour samples. More important for the colour impression, however, is
that
the colours match if parts of the car are coated separately and then assembled afterwards.
In addition, if car body damage has to be repaired, the colour of the repair part must be a very
good match for the existing colour. The human eye is relatively sensitive to differences in colour,
but even here there are individual differences. There are a couple of methods for ensuring that
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