114
During stoving, the viscosity of the film drops as the temperature rises. However, with progressive
evaporation and the onset of crosslinking, it rises again. At this stage of the stoving process, the
temperature is constant. In the phase described, the viscosity curve forms a “valley”. The shape
and size of the “viscosity valley” is crucial to levelling. If it is very deep, the paint layer may pene-
trate into the surface of substrate and may later reproduce the structure of the substrate (so called
telegraphing of structure), which is deleterious to the filling power. In addition, if the viscosity is
very low, sagging may take place. Conversely, if the “viscosity valley” is very shallow or the vis-
cosity increases too quickly (through evaporation or crosslinking reactions), convection currents
are “frozen” at an early stage, flow ceases, and a relatively rough structure is generated. Several
trials aimed at accurately measuring the viscosity of films have been performed
[109]
, with a further
goal of enabling levelling to be analysed on the basis of measurable values. However, the process
is too complex and the throughput time is too short to enable reproducible viscosity values to be
obtained. Formulation experts must be capable of interpreting the results for variations in paint
composition with a view to optimising levelling properties. Thus, development work continues
after their results have been tested on model applications. Since levelling is also influenced by
several parameters with complex interactions, visual assessment is necessary for development to
proceed. It is also possible to measure and classify the roughness of a paint surface by pertometer
analysis
[110]
. Parameters affecting levelling also include the application conditions: the type of
spray gun, the gun settings (quantity of fed paint per time, quantity of feed air and regulation
air, spray time), air-fall velocity in the booth, flash-off temperature and duration, temperature
curve and duration in the oven. Of course, the topcoat
system must be adapted to these specific
conditions. Usually the application solids and the application viscosity are default parameters and
cannot be varied. Finally, the topcoat
system has to be adapted by varying the composition. The
optimisation parameters in this area are the choice of optimum solvent combination, characteris-
tic resin values (molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crosslinking reactivity), and
the choice of additives. Additives that can influence the levelling properties are wetting agents,
surfactant additives (levelling additives in the narrower sense), and in some cases antifoaming
additives and rheological additives. The rheological additives introduce intrinsic viscosity into the
topcoat
material. The type and quantity of such additives must be balanced very well because they
have a dual role: to prevent sagging and to generate surface structure so as to create an aestheti-
cally appealing surface effect (see definition of filling power in Chapter 3.5.2).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: