Assignment by Sanakulova Zukhra Unit 6 Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation types

Pulmonic ingressive
Pulmonic ingressive describes ingressive sounds in which the airstream is created by the lungs. These are generally considered paralinguistic. They may be found as phonemes, words, and entire phrases on all continents.
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Inhaled air can also be modified to produce speech sounds. This actually happens in a few rare cases, such as in Tsou, an aboriginal language of Taiwan, which has inhaled [f] and [h]. So in this case, such sounds of speech indeed are called ingressive sounds, and the airstream mechanism for making such sounds is called the ingressive airstream mechanism.

Glottalic initiation
The way in which it is possible to initiate airflow in the upper vocal track by means of the vocal cords and glottis is called glottalic initiation. There are two types of initiation in glottis: ejectives and implosives. In the glottalic egressive the air column is compressed as the glottis moves upward. So put it simply, the glottis eves upward, because the air column is compressed. Such consonants are called ejectives. The main thing to mention here is, ejectives consonants occur almost in 16% of the languages. So what is glottalic airstream mechanism? It is movement of the pharynx air by the action of the glottis. Ejectives and implosives are produced with a glottalic airstream mechanism. As I said above, egressive sounds are the sounds in which airstream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The opposite of an egressive sound is ingressive sound, in which the airstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. We can put it simple as well, in glottalic egressive glottis moves upward, but in glottalic ingressive the glottis moves downward. This is main distinction between them.

Voice Onset Time
As we know, voiced and voiceless consonants refer to the state of the glottis during a given articulation. Moreover, there are aspirated and unaspirated consonants which refer to presence or absence of a period voicelessness during and after the release of an articulation. So it is necessary to give proper definition and find out the main distinction between voiceless and voiced, aspirated and unaspirated consonants. Voiced sounds are sounds that make our vocal cords vibrate, when we produce them. In voiceless sounds, we don’t see vibration of vocal cords. Aspiration is a strong puff of air that is released at the closure of consonants. Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginning of a word, and at the beginning of a stressed syllable. The interval between the release of a closure and the start of the voicing is called the voice onset tie. Actually, it is a feature of the production of stop consonants.

Unit 7