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he
nor
they live
in town.
NOTE:
Ma’lumki,
some, any, many, much, every, each, all, most, both, either,
neither
olmoshlari ot bilan
hech qanday vositasiz, to’g’ridan- to’g’ri bog’lana oladi:
Some books – every books – many books – many books – both books – each books –
any books – all books.
Ammo
bu olmoshlardan so’ng kelgan otlar oldidan aniq artikl, egalik
olmoshlari va ko’rsatish olmoshlari kelsa, bu olmoshlardan so’ng doimo “of ”
predlogi ishlatiladi:
Some of
the
books - some of
my
books – some of
these
books.
Much of
the
time – much of
my
time – much of
this
time.
Every one of
the
books – every one of
my
books – every one of
these
books.
All (of )
the
books – all (of )
my
books – all (of )
these
books.
Both (of )
the
books – both (of)
my
books – both (of )
these
books
AUXILIARY VERBS
(Yordamchi fe’llar)
Ingliz tilida 3 ta asosiy yordamchi fe’llar bor:
2)
to be – bo’lmoq
3)
to do – qilmoq
50
4)
to have – bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq.
1)
“To be” fe’li
gapda hech qachon ish- harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatmaydi, balki
har doim holatni ifodalab keladi.
“to be” fe’lining hozirgi zamonda 3 ta shakli
bor:
Am – I Is – he, she, it Are – we, you, they
“To be” fe’lining gapdagi asosiy vazifasi:
ega va kesimni bir- biriga bog’lash.
“to be” fe’li gapda asosan,
ot, sifat, sifat + ot, son, ravish
so’z turkumlari bilan birikib
keladi:
I am a
student
(ot)
I am
clever
(sifat)
I am a
clever student
(sifat+ ot)
I am
20
(son)
I am
here
(ravish)
“to be” fe’lining bo’lishsizlik shakli
“am, is, are” ga
“not”
inkor yuklamasini
qo’shish bilan yasaladi:
am
S = is + not…
are
I am
not
a student
This is
not
a book
These are
not
books
The teacher is
not
in the room
Teachers are
not
in the room.
“to be” fe’lining so’roq shaklida “am, is, are” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Am
Is + S + …?
Are
Am
I a student?
Is
this a book?
Are
these books?
Is
the teacher in the room?
Are
teachers in the room?
2)
“to do” fe’li
ish- harakat bajarilishiga nisbatan qo’llanilib,
uning gapdagi
asosiy vazifasi, mustaqil fe’llarni bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarga
aylantirishdan iborat.
Mustaqil fe’llar – o’z mustaqil ma’nosiga ega bo’lgan va gapda biror bir ish-
harakat bajarilishini ko’rsatuvchi fe’llar hisoblanadi. Uning asosiy kamchiligi:
gapda bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarni o’zi yasay olmaydi.
Hozirgi noaniq zamonda
3- shaxs birlikda barcha mustaqil fe’llarga –s va –es shaxs qo’shimchalari qo’shiladi.
Hozirgi noaniq zamonda, “to do” fe’lining 2 ta shakli bor:
Do – I, we, you, they
Does – he, she, it
For examples:
to run – yugurmoq to teach- o’qitmoq
to go – bormoq to finish – tugatmoq
I run every morning - He run
s
every morning
You teach children – She teache
s
children
They go to school – John go
es
to school
We finish work at 6 – Shohida finish
es
work at 6.
51
Bo’lishsiz shaklda,
“do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llariga “not” inkor yuklamasi
qo’shiladi. 3- shaxs birlik uchun
“does not”
qo’llanadi va mustaqil fe’llarga
qo’shilgan
–s
va
–es
qo’shimchalari tushib qoladi:
I
do not
run every morning – he
does not
run every morning
You
do not
teach children – she
does not
teach children.
So’roq shaklda,
“do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llari egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Do
you run every morning? –
Does
he run every morning?
Do
you teach chilren? –
Does
she teach children?
3)
“to have” fe’li
yordamchi fe’l ma’nosida
“bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq”
ma’nosida
narsa- predmetning kimgadir tegishli ekanligini yoki kishining biror
bir narsa- predmetga egaligini ko’rsatadi.
“to have” fe’lining hozirgi noaniq
zamonda 2 ta shakli bor:
Have – I, we you, they
Has – he, she, it
For examples:
I
have
a book – meni kitobim bor.
He
has
a car – uni mashinasi bor.
“to have” fe’lining bo’lishsiz shakli 2 yo’l bilan yasaladi:
a) “have” ga “not” inkor yuklamasini qo’shib:
I
have not
a book
He
has not
a car.
b) “do” va “does” yordamchi fe’llariga “not” inkor yuklamasini qo’shib:
I
don’t
have a book
He
doesn’t
has a car.
So’roq shakli ham 2 xil yo’l bilan yasaladi:
1)
“have” va “has” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Have
you a book?
Has
you a car?
2)
“do” va “does” egadan oldinga chiqadi:
Do
you have a book?
Does
he has a car?
Have – “bor bo’lmoq, ega bo’lmoq” ma’nolarida davom zamonlarda
qo’llanila olmaydi.
b) “to have” fe’li fe’li gapda ot bilan birikib kelib, “qilmoq, bajarmoq”
ma’nolarida mustaqil fe’l bo’lib keladi:
To have breakfast = to eat breakfast (nonushta qilmoq)
To have a test = to do a test (test bajarmoq)
To have a chat = to talk (suhbat qurmoq, gaplashmoq)
“Qilmoq, bajarmoq” ma’nosida “to have” fe’li
qaysi zamonda qo’llansa, o’sha
zamondagi yordamchi fe’l bilan bo’lishsiz va so’roq shakllarga aylantiriladi va bu
ma’noda davomli “continuous” zamonlarda qo’llanadi:
Bo’lishli shaklda:
I
have
breakfast every morning
He
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