Aquaculture farmer organizations and cluster management: concepts and experiences


Choosing the type of farmers’ organization



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3.1.4 Choosing the type of farmers’ organization 
FOs are created to address common issues and identify appropriate solutions. The role 
and scope of the FO depends on the nature of the issues to be addressed. For example, 
if the objective of the FO is to sell members’ products, a cooperative structure may be 
required. If the FO wants to link to civil society and influence government authorities, 
the appropriate structure could be that of a professional association, such as the Thai 
Marine Shrimp Farmers Association, that is incorporated as a non-profit organization 
and where financing is obtained from membership fees. When establishing an FO and 
deciding which legal structure or type of FO is most appropriate, a number of issues 
need to be considered. These include ownership, membership criteria, decision-making 
and voting rights, distribution of profits, responsibility for risk, level of regulation 
needed, level of credibility, taxation, incentives for members’ investment and share 
transfer. Once decisions are made on these issues, it will be easier to see which legal 
structure or FO type is most appropriate to meet members’ needs, bearing in mind that 
there is no perfect structure for an FO.
3.2
MULTILEVEL STRUCTURES
As FOs grow and their membership base increases, they often become harder to 
manage. Most studies of FOs suggest that the ideal size is between 15 and 30 members 
14 
New types of FOs have developed recently to reduce the disadvantages of cooperatives and in response 
to challenges of buyer-driven markets, combining traditional cooperative features and those of private 
companies. For example, new generation cooperatives have a fixed number of members, and allocation 
of profits and voting rights is done according to the proportion of shares owned by each member.


Aquaculture farmer organizations and cluster management – Concepts and experiences
22
in order to keep internal transaction costs such as monitoring and enforcement costs, 
free riding and maintaining trust at a manageable level. However, a balance must be 
struck between keeping internal transaction costs down and the need for economies 
of scale to be able to lower production and marketing costs and increase the FO’s 
market power (see Chapter 2). In order to achieve this balance, FOs often join with 
other FOs and create additional higher-level organizations or multilevel structures 
(e.g. federations or apex organizations). In this way, FOs can remain individually small 
at the same time as benefiting from economies of scale. For example, the Samroiyod 
Shrimp Farmers Cooperative, described in Case Study 1, has joined together with four 
other shrimp cooperatives to form the Federation of Shrimp Cooperatives of Thailand 
(FOSCOT). The individual cooperatives concentrate on accessing inputs and services, 
managing production and quality control. The federation focuses on negotiating 
contract farming arrangements with large processors and buyers on behalf of all the 
cooperatives, along with lobbying the government. The Samroiyod Cooperative has 
also divided its 158 members into 17 subgroups based on location in order to ensure 
that the cooperative is responsive to members’ needs (along with ensuring increased 
enforcement of cooperative production management regulations), so in effect it 
has a three-tiered organizational structure (subgroups at the first level, the general 
cooperative at the second level and the federation at the third level). 
This is also an example of when FOs create multilevel structures in order to perform 
certain functions that a lower level FO is unable to accomplish effectively (as discussed in 
BOx 3

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