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Homophony

Homophony is the case where two words are pronounced identically but they have different written forms. They sound alike but are written differently and often have different meanings. e.g. no, know and led, lead and would, wood.etc.

Homograph

Homograph is a word which is spelled the same as another word and might be pronounced the same or differently but which has a different meanings. E.g.bear,to bear. when homonyms are spelled the same they are homographs but not all homonyms are homographs.

Polysemy

When a word has several very closely related senses or meanings.Polysemous word is a word having two or more meanings. e.g.foot in:He hurt his foot. She stood at the foot of the stairs.

Polysemy is used in semantics and lexical analysis to describe the word with multiple meanings.
Synonymy

Synonymy is used to mean sameness of meaning. Synonym is a word, which has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word. There are several ways in which they differ

1.Some set of synonyms belong to different dialects of language, e.g. Fall - used in united states, Autumn-used in some western countries.

2.There is a similar situation but are more problematic one with words that are used in different styles or registers.

3.Some words may be said to differ only in their emotive or evaluative meanings.

4.Words are collocationally restricted they occur only in conjunction with other words.

5.Synonyms are often said to differ only in their connotation. Examples-hid, conceal,

It is very hard to list absolute synonyms: words, which are identical both in denotation and connotation.

Antonymy

The word antonymy derives from the greek root anti(opposite) and denotes opposition in meaning. Antonymy or oppositeness of meaning has long been recognized as one of the most important semantic relations .e.g. quick-slow, big-small, long-short, rich-poor, etc.

Antonyms are divided in to several types:

1.gradable antonyms/pairs,

2.nongradable antonyms/complementaries,

3.reversives

4.converse pairs

1.gradable antonyms/pairs-They can be used in comparative constructions like bigger than or smaller than, etc.

2.nongradable antonyms/complementaries- The relation of oppositeness is that which holds between the pairs as single:married, man:woman,etc.

3. reversives-It is important to avoid most antonym pairs as one word meaning the negative of another.e.g.tie-untie.

4.converse pairs –Another kind of antonymy is forming converse pairs. e.g. Converseness is used to refer to the relationship between buy and sell.
Metonymy

A metonym substitutes for the object that is meant the name of an attribute or concept associated with the object. The use of ‘crown’ for ‘king’ is an e.g. of metonymy. This term has been derived from Greek word meta means after and onoma means substitution for name. e.g. gray hair can be used for old age.