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Lesson 27. Hyponymy

Module:	Vocabulary
Topic:	Hyponymy
Time:	80 minutes
Aims Materials Aids	to work on hyponymy; to develop practical understanding of key terms 1. Lewis, M (1997). Implementing the Lexical Approach. Hove: LTP. 2. McCarthy, M. and O’Dell, F (2004). English Vocabulary in Use. Upper-intermediate and advanced. Cambridge: CUP Text-books. charts, laptop with speakers, handouts

Lead-in (5 min.): Teacher asks the questions:

1. What lexical relations do you know?

2. How words can be the same group?
Handout 1. What is hyponymy?

Hyponymy , homonymy, polysemy, synonymy, antonymy and metonymy are different types of lexical relations.

Hyponymy is a word of more specific meaning than a general or superordinate term applicable to it. In linguistics, a hyponym (from Greek hupó, "under" and onomas, "name") is a word or phrase whose semantic field is included within that of another word, its hyperonym or hypernym (from Greek hupér, "over" and onomas, "name") . In simpler terms, a hyponym shares a type-of relationship with its hypernym. For example,

pigeon, crow, eagle and seagull are all hyponyms of bird (their hypernym); which, in turn, is a hyponym of animal;

‘scarlet', `vermilion', and `crimson' are hyponyms of `red'.

Or vise versa: bird is hypernym of pigeon, crow, eagle and seagull and red is hypernym of scarlet', `vermilion', and `crimson'.

The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as imagine, understand and knowledge. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hyponyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as stare, gaze, view and peer can also be considered hyponyms of the verb look.

Hyponymy is not restricted to objects, abstract concepts, or nouns. It can be identified in many other areas of the lexicon.

E.g. the verb cook has many hyponyms: roast, boil, fry, grill, bake, etc.

Color:blue, red, yellow, green, black and purple.

In a lexical field, hyponymy may exist at more than one level. A word may have both a hyponym and a super ordinate term.The “upper” general term is the superordinate (hyperonym) and the “lower” term is specific – hyponym.

For example,

Word: Living

Hyponym: bird, insects, animals

Now let's take the word bird from above hyponyms.

Word: Bird

Hyponyms: sparrow, hawk, crow, fowl We thus have sparrow, hawk, crow, fowl as hyponyms of bird and bird in turn is a hyponym of living beings. So there is a hierarchy of terms related to each other through hyponymic relations.

Hyponymy often functions in discourse as a means of lexical cohesion by establishing referential equivalence to avoid repetition.

Word: Musical instruments

Hyponyms: clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin

Meronyms refer to parts-whole relations. For instance, ‘cuff’, ‘collar’ and ‘sleeve’ are the meronyms of ‘shirt’ because they are parts of it. Below is an illustration of the parts-whole relation between ‘computer’ and its constituents:
Computer

Monitor Keyboard Mouse Speaker Chassis
Screen KeysScroll Wheel AmplifierHarddisk
The relationship between the general term and thespecific instances is often be described using ahierarchical diagram, called "taxonomy”.Taxonomy is the process of naming and classifying things such as animals and plants into groups within a larger system, according to their similarities and difference