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polikristall kremnij olishning monosilanli texnologiyasi va kremnij strukturalarini yaratishning ionli stimullashgan usullari


 
with (2.1
3
) we obtain the density of ion current at 
appropriate points. 
The two
-dimensional distribution of the ion current density on the substrate 
surface is presented in Fig. 2.
7. 
Thus, we have a picture of the distribution of ion current on the substrate 
surface. As noted, the direct measurements of the ion current density were 
performed with one line and this line corresponds to the direction 90
0
→270
0
. The 
data obtained with the ion probe and the calculation data are in agreement within 
20% accuracy. 
117 


2.3
. Formation of Ge nano
-islands on Si 
surface by ion
-
stimulated method
 
Interest is due to unique physical features of quantum dots associated with 
an atomic-like energy spectrum and due to a possibility of producing 
optoelectronic devices of a new generation on their basis. From the point of view 
of devices, in the case when the distance between the levels is much greater
than 
thermal energy an atomic-
like electronic spectrum of charges at quantum dots 
makes it possible to remove the main problem of present-day micro- and 
optoelectronics, namely “smearing” of charge carriers in an energy window of an 
order of 
kT
, which
leads to degradation of device features for higher temperature. 
Surface irradiation with low
-energy ions during the growth is a perspective 
method of controlling the density of formed islands and the island distribution in 
size. However, the mechanisms of ion
effect on the processes of nucleation and 
growth remains unclear in many respects. 
The use of kinetic rate equations allows at an atomic level describing 
nucleation of nano-
dimensional islands in the early (submonolayer) stage of the 
epitaxial growth under conditions far from equilibrium. In this dissertation, this 
method is used to study the effect of low-energy ions present in a flow of adsorbed 
atoms on concentration of formed islands. 
It was accepted that ion collisions with surface leads to defect formation – 
surface vacancies or vacancy clusters – 
being points of preferable nucleation. Two 
mechanisms of facilitated formation of nucleus on defects 
were considered:
a

a nucleus is formed from the surface atoms knocked-out by an ion with 
the probability 
close to 1;
b

knocked-out atoms play no special role in nucleus formation but the 
nucleus formation rate at a defect is higher than that at a defect-
free area (owing to 
less size or/and higher energy of dissociation of critical nucleus).
Numerical calcula
tions of generalized kinetic equations for the values of 
growth temperature 
T
, adsorbed atom flow 
F
and activation energy of surface 
diffusion typical for the Ge/Si structure were performed. The integration results 
118 


showed that irrespective of a mechanism of nucleus formation the island 
concentration increases with the raise in a share of ions in the adsorption flow
Λ
and decreases with the decrease in 
T
or with the raise in 
F
. For rather low 
T
or high 
F
the island c
oncentration corresponds to the growth when there are no ions. That 
is associated with the fact that under indicated conditions an adsorbed atom has no 
time to reach defect owing to surface migration until it meets another adsorbed 
atom (the similar effect
for the initially defected surface was found by 
P
. Jensen
и
et al, Surf

Sci. 412/413, 1998, 
p
. 458)

The expressions connecting a characteristic value of the ion share for which 
the ion component plays a vivid role in island formation with crystallization 
parameters were obtained. In the case of nucleus formation according to the 
mechanism (a)
1
3
/
1
)
/
(
~

θ
Λ
D
F
(2.1
4
)
where 
D
is the coefficient of surface diffusion, 
Ft
=
θ
is the degree of surface 
coating for time 
t
. For the nucleus formation under mechanism (b)
}
)
2
/(
]
)
2
(
)
2
exp{[(
)
/
(
~
)
2
/(
)
2
2
(
)
2
/(
)
(
2
T
k
i
E
i
E
j
D
F
B
j
i
i
j
i
i
j
i
+
+

+
+

+

+

θ
Λ
(2.1
5
)
where 
i
and 
j
are the size of critical nucleus on the defect-free surface and on the 
defect, respectively; 
i
E
and 
j
E
are the energy of nucleus dissociation into separate 
adatoms. 
It is known that the maximal density of Ge islands with linear size of about 
10 nm is to be an order of 10
12
cm
-2
(for higher density the islands are collected in 
a continu
ous layer). Further increase in the nano
-island density is possible only 
when their linear sizes decrease. The effects observed under ion irradiation such as 
transformation of the function of nucleus distribution in size and change in island 
concentration on surface give hopes that under ion action it will be possible to 
obtain denser blocks of quantum islands by decreasing a size of the critical 
nucleus. The facilitated nucleus formation at charged defect centers (generated 
under ion irradiation) is a resu
lt of decreasing an activation barrier of nucleus 
formation in electrostatic interaction of charge with nucleus atoms. 
A mechanism describing a decrease in activation barrier of nucleus 
formation in electron capture by a metastable fluctuation of adatoms was also 
considered. The estimations points to a significant role of free carriers of charges 
generated under ion irradiation in the process of growth from partially ionized 
flows; the sizes of critical nucleus are ¼ 
of the critical size of neutral nucleus. Also 
by analytical and numerical methods the regularities of nucleus formation under 
low-energy ion irradiation during the process of condensation of Ge molecular 
flow to Si were obtained. As a result, it was confirmed that under ion irradiation 
the islan
d density increases and becomes more homogeneous, i.e. the function 
island distribution in size is narrowed. 
The formation processes of nano
-
dimensional Ge islands in Ge/Si 
heterosystems obtained by molecular-
beam epitaxy have been experimentally 
studied. A partially ionized flow of Ge was used to vary the features of a block of 
119 


Ge nano-
islands of the silicon surface. Positively charged ions of Ge were obtained 
in the process of flow formation of a material evaporated from electron-beam 
evaporator (EBE). Io
n bombardment of growing film surface modifies a near-
surface layer of crystal by defect formation, charged complex creation, penetration 
of potentially accelerated particle into crystal. 
Structure and morphology of Ge islands were studied by scanning tunn
eling 
microscopy (STM). The STM data allowed the evolution of sizes and density of 
Ge islands to be observed depending on ion component energy 
(fig.2.8 and 2.9)

The estimation of the limiting factors influencing the density and sizes of islands 
and their places of preferable nucleation was made.

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