Gulag Archipelago: “During this war we discovered that the worst thing on earth is to be a
Russian,” and recognized that the phrase is not artificial or empty, that it is based on war losses,
on the revolutionary terror before that, on hunger, on the wanton destruction of both the nation’s
head – its cognitive élite, and its feet, the peasantry. Although modern Russian literature and
democratic movements preach about the guilt of Russian society before Jews, the author himself
prefers to see the circle of grievances instead of the saccharine sentimentality about the troubles
and talents of the Jewish people. To break this circle of grievances one must pull at it from both
sides.
Here it is – a thoughtful, friendly and calm voice.
And over these years, we many times heard the firm voice of Michael Kheifetz, a recent
GULAG prisoner. “A champion of my people, I cannot but sympathize with the nationalists of
other peoples.” He had the courage to call for Jewish repentance: “The experience of the German
people, who have not turned away from their horrifying and criminal past, and who never tried to
lay the blame for Nazism on some other culprits, on strangers, etc. but, instead constantly
cleansed itself in the fire of national repentance, and thus created a German state that for the first
time was admired and respected by all mankind; this experience should, in my opinion, become a
paragon for the peoples that participated in the crimes of Bolshevism, including the Jews. We
Jews must honestly analyze the role we played in other nations’ affairs, the role so
extraordinarily foretold by Z. Jabotinsky.”
M. Kheifetz demonstrated a truly noble soul when he spoke of “the genuine guilt of
assimilated Jews before the native peoples of those countries where they live, the guilt, which
cannot and must not allow them to live comfortably in the Diaspora.” About Soviet Jewry of the
1920s and 1930s he said: “Who if not us, their bitterly remorseful descendants, has the right to
condemn them for this historic mistake [zealous participation in building communism] and the
settling of historical scores with Russia for the Pale of Settlement and the pogroms?” (Kheifetz
also mentioned that B. Penson and M. Korenblit, who had served labor camp terms along with
him, shared his views.) Almost simultaneously with the words of Kheifetz, by then already an
emigrant, Feliks Svetov vividly called out for Jewish repentance from inside the Soviet Union in
a samisdat novel Open The Doors To Me. It was no accident that F. Svetov, due to his Jewish
perceptivity and intelligence, was one of the first to recognize the beginning of Russian religious
revival.
Later, during a passionate discourse surrounding the dispute between Astafiev and
Edelman, Yuri Shtein described “our Ashkenazi-specific personality traits, formed on the basis
of our belief of belonging to the chosen people and an insular, small town mentality. Hence,
there is a belief in the infallibility of our nation and our claim to a monopoly on suffering. It is
time for us to see ourselves as a normal nation, worthy but not faultless, like all the other peoples
of the world. Especially now, that we have our own independent state and have already proved to
the world that Jews can fight and plow better than some more populous ethnic groups.”
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During the left liberal campaign against V. Astafiev, V. Belov, and V. Rasputin, literary
historian Maria Shneyerson, who after emigrating continued to love Russia dearly and appreciate
Russian problems, offered these writers her enthusiastic support.
In the 1970s, a serious, competent, and forewarning book on the destruction of the
environment in the USSR under communism was published in the West. Written by a Soviet
author, it was naturally published under a pseudonym, B. Komarov. After some time, the author
emigrated and we learned his name – Zeev Wolfson. We discovered even more: that he was
among the compilers of the album of destroyed and desecrated churches in Central Russia.
Few active intellectuals remained in the defeated Russia, but friendly, sympathetic Jewish
forces supported them. With this shortage of people and under the most severe persecution by the
authorities, our Russian Public Foundation was established to help victims of persecution; I
donated all my royalties for The Gulag Archipelago to this fund; and, starting with its first
talented and dedicated manager, Alexander Ginzburg, there were many Jews and half-Jews
among the Fund’s volunteers. (This gave certain intellectually blind extreme Russian nationalists
sufficient reason to brand our Foundation as being “Jewish.”)
Similarly, M. Bernshtam, then Y. Felshtinsky and D.Shturman were involved in our
study of modern Russian history.
In the fight against communist lies, M. Agursky, D.Shturman, A. Nekrich, M. Geller, and
A. Serebrennikov distinguished themselves by their brilliant, fresh, and fair-minded journalism.
We can also recall the heroism of the American professor Julius Epstein and his service
to Russia. In self-centered, always self-righteous, and never regretful of any wrongdoings
America, he single-handedly revealed the mystery of Operation Keelhaul, how after the end of
the war and from their own continent, Americans handed over to Stalinist agents and therefore
certain death hundreds and thousands of Russian Cossacks, who had naively believed that since
they reached the “land of the free they had been saved.
All these examples should encourage sincere and mutual understanding between Russians
and Jews, if only we would not shut it out by intolerance and anger.
Alas, even the mildest remembrance, repentance, and talk of justice elicits severe outcries
from the self-appointed guardians of extreme nationalism, both Russian and Jewish. “As soon as
Solzhenitsyn had called for national repentance” – meaning among Russians, and the author
didn’t mind that – “here we are! Our own people are right there in the front line.” He did not
mention any name specifically but he probably referred to M. Kheifetz. “See, it turns out that we
are more to blame, we helped to install … no, not helped, but simply established the Soviet
régime ourselves. We were disproportionately present in various organs.”
Those who began to speak in a voice of remorse were furiously attacked in an instant.
“They prefer to extract from their hurrah-patriotic gut a mouthful of saliva” – what a style and
nobility of expression! – “and to thoroughly spit on all ancestors, to curse Trotsky and Bagritsky,
Kogan, and Dunaevsky.” “M. Kheifetz invites us to purge ourselves in the fire of national
repentance.”
And what a thrashing F. Svetov received for the autobiographical hero of his novel: “A
book about conversion to Christianity will contribute not to an abstract search for repentance, but
to a very specific anti-Semitism. This book is anti-Semitic.” Yes, and what is there to repent? the
indefatigable David Markish angrily exclaims. Svetov’s hero sees a betrayal in the fact that “we
desert the country, leaving behind a deplorable condition which is entirely our handiwork: it is
we, as it turns out, who staged a bloody revolution, shot the father-czar, befouled and raped the
Orthodox Church and in addition, founded the GULAG Archipelago,” isn’t that right? First,
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these comrades Trotsky, Sverdlov, Berman, and Frenkel are not at all related to the Jews.
Second, the very question about someone’s collective guilt is wrong. (As to blaming Russians,
you see, it is a different thing altogether: it was always acceptable to blame them en masse, from
the times of the elder Philotheus.)
David’s brother, Sh. Markish reasons as follows, “as to the latest wave of immigrants
from Russia, whether in Israel or in the U.S., they do not exhibit real Russophobia, but a self-
hatred that grows into direct anti-Semitism is obvious in them only too often.”
See, if Jews repent – it is anti-Semitism. (This is yet another new manifestation of that
prejudice.)
“The Russians should realize their national guilt. The idea of national repentance cannot
be implemented without a clear understanding of national guilt. The guilt is enormous, and there
is no way to shift it on to others. This guilt is not only about the things of past, it is also about the
vile things Russia commits now, and will probably continue committing in the future,” as
Shragin wrote in the early 1970s.
Well, we too tirelessly call the Russians to repent; without penitence, we will not have a
future. After all, only those who were directly affected by communism recognized its evils.
Those who were not affected tried not to notice the atrocities and later on to forget and forgive
them, to the extent that now they do not even understand what to repent of. (Even more so those
who themselves committed the crimes.)
Every day we are burning with shame for our unsettled people.
And we love it too. And we do not envision our lives without it.
And yet, for some reason, we have not lost all faith in it.
Still, is it absolutely certain that you had no part in our great guilt, in our unsuccessful
history?
Here, Shimon Markish referred to Jabotinsky’s 1920s article. “Jabotinsky several times
on different occasions observed that Russia is a foreign country to us, our interest in her should
be detached, cool, though sympathetic; her anxiety, grief and joy are not ours, and our feelings
are foreign to her too.” Markish added: “That’s also my attitude towards Russian worries.” And
he invites us to “call a spade a spade. However, regarding this delicate point even free western
Russians are not awesomely courageous…. I prefer to deal with enemies.”
Yet this sentence should be divided into two: is it the case that to call a spade a spade and
to speak frankly mean being an enemy? Well, there is a Russian proverb: do not love the
agreeable; love the disputers.
I invite all, including Jews, to abandon this fear of bluntness, to stop perceiving honesty
as hostility. We must abandon it historically! Abandon it forever!
In this book, I call a spade a spade. And at no time do I feel that in doing so it is being
hostile to the Jews. I have written more sympathetically than many Jews write about Russians.
The purpose of this book, reflected even in its title, is this: we should understand each
other, we should recognize each other’s standpoint and feelings. With this book, I want to extend
a handshake of understanding – for all our future.
But we must do so mutually!
This interweaving of Jewish and Russian destinies since the 18th century which has so
explosively manifested itself in the 20th century, has a profound historical meaning, and we
should not lose it in the future. Here, perhaps, lies the Divine Intent which we must strive to
unravel – to discern its mystery and to do what must be done.
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And it seems obvious that to know the truth about our shared past is a moral imperative
for Jews and Russians alike.
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