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data, Jews at 1.82 percent of the population by 1926 were represented in the Apparatus at about
6.5 times their proportion in the population at large.
It’s easy to underestimate the impact of the sudden freedom from pre-revolutionary limits
on civil rights: “Earlier, power was not accessible to Jews at all and now they had more access to
power than anyone else” according to I. Bikerman. This sudden change provoked a varied
reaction in all strata of society. S. Schwartz writes “From the mid-twenties there arose a new
wave of anti-Semitism which was not related to the old anti-Semitism, nor a legacy of the past. It
is an extreme exaggeration to explain it as originating with backwards workers from rural areas
as anti-Semitism generally was not a fact of life in the Russian countryside.” No, it was a much
more dangerous phenomenon. It arose in the middle strata of urban society and reached the
highest levels of the working class which, before the revolution, had remained practically
untouched by the phenomenon. It reached students and members of the communist party and the
Komsomol and, even earlier, local government in smaller provincial towns where an aggressive
and active anti-Semitism took hold.
The
Jewish Encyclopedia writes that from the beginning of the 20th century “though
official Soviet propaganda writes that anti-Semitism in the latter part of the Twenties was a
legacy of the past, the facts show that, it arose mainly as a result of colliding social forces in
large cities.” It was fanned by the widely held opinion that power in the country had been seized
by Jews who formed the nucleus of the Bolsheviks. Bikerman wrote with evident concern in
1923 that “the Jew is in all corners and on all levels of power. The Russian sees him as a ruler of
Moscow, at the head of the capital on Neva, and at the head of the Red Army, a perfected death
machine. He sees that St. Vladimir Prospect has been renamed Nakhimson Prospect… The
Russian sees the Jew as judge and hangman; he sees Jews at every turn, not only among the
Communists, but among people like himself, everywhere doing the bidding of Soviet power. Not
surprisingly the Russian, comparing the present with the past, is confirmed in his idea that power
is Jewish power, that it exists for Jews and does the bidding of Jews.”
No less visible than Jewish participation in government was the suddenly created new
order in culture and education. The new societal inequality was not so much along the lines of
nationality as it was a matter of town versus country. The Russian reader needs no explanation of
the advantages bestowed by Soviet power from the Twenties to the Eighties on capital cities
when compared to the rest of the country. One of the main advantages was the level of education
and range of opportunities for higher learning. Those established during the early years of Soviet
power in capital cities assured for their children and grandchildren future decades of advantages,
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