Encyclopedia, Cossacks “behaved outrageously … they killed, raped and flouted Jewish
religious feelings. They had broken into a synagogue during Yom Kippur, beat up the whole
congregation, raped the women and tore apart the Torah scrolls. About one thousand were
killed.” A methodical quarter-by-quarter pillaging of Jews in Kiev after a brief return of the
White troops in the end of October 1919 was dubbed the “quiet pogrom.” Shulgin writes: “The
commanders strictly prohibited pogroms. Yet the Yids were really an annoyance and, secondly,
the heroes were hungry…. In general, the Volunteers in large cities were starving.” There were
nights of plunder but without murder and rape. It was “the end of Denikin’s period … and the
beginning of the agony of the Volunteer Army.”
By the route of its offensive and, particularly, its retreat, during its last brutal retreat in
November-December of 1919, the White Army carried out a large number of Jewish pogroms
(acknowledged by Denikin), apparently not only for plunder but also for revenge. However,
Bikerman says that “murders, pillage and rape of women were not faithful companions of the
White Army, unlike what is claimed by our [Jewish] National Socialists who exaggerate the
horrible events to advance their own agenda.”
Shulgin agrees: “For a true White, a massacre of unarmed civilians, the murder of women
and children, and robbing someone’s property are absolutely impossible things to do.” Thus, the
“true Whites” in this case are guilty of negligence. They were not sufficiently rigorous in
checking the scum adhering to the White movement.
Pasmanik concurred that “everybody understands that General Denikin did not want
pogroms but when I was in Novorossiysk and Ekaterinodar in April-May 1919, i.e., before the
march to the north, I could sense a thickened and pervasive atmosphere of anti-Semitism
everywhere.” Whatever it was — negligence or revenge — it served well to ignite the White
pogroms of 1919.
Still, by unanimous testimony of those unlucky enough to experience both types of
pogroms [those by Petliura’s troops and those by White Army], it was predominantly Petliura’s
troops who went for Jewish life and soul — they did the most killing.
It was not the Volunteer Army that initiated Jewish pogroms in the new Russia. They
began in the reborn Poland the day after she became a free and independent state. While in
Russia itself they were started by the Ukrainian troops of the Democrat Petliura and the Socialist
Vynnychenko. The Ukrainians turned pogroms into an everyday event.
The Volunteer Army did not start the pogroms but it carried on with them, being fueled
by a false conviction that all Jews were for Bolsheviks. The name of Leon Trotsky was
particularly hated among the Whites and Petliura’s soldiers and almost every pogrom went under
a slogan “This is what you get for Trotsky.” And even the Kadets who in the past always
denounced any expression of anti-Semitism, and all the more so the pogroms during their
November 1919 conference in Kharkov demanded that Jews “declare relentless war against those
elements of Jewry who actively participate in the Bolshevist movement.”
At the same time the Kadets emphasized that the White authorities do everything possible
to stop pogroms, namely that since the beginning of October 1919 the leadership of the
Volunteer Army began punishing pogromists with many measures including execution and as a
result pogroms stopped for a while. Yet during the December 1919-March 1920 retreat of the
Volunteer Army from Ukraine the pogroms become particularly violent and the Jews were
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accused of shooting the retreating Whites in the back. (Importantly, there were no pogroms in
Siberia by A. Kolchak’s troops, as Kolchak did not tolerate pogroms.)
D.O. Linsky, himself a former White Guard, emphatically writes: “Jewry was possibly
given a unique chance to fight so hard for the Russian land, that the slanderous claim, that for
Jews Russia is just geography and not Fatherland, would disappear once and for all.” Actually,
“there was and is no alternative: the victory of anti-Bolshevik forces will lead from suffering to
revival of the whole country and of the Jewish people in particular…. Jewry should devote itself
to the Russian Cause entirely, to sacrifice their lives and wealth…. Through the dark stains on
the White chasubles one should perceive the pure soul of the White Movement…. In an army
where many Jewish youths were enlisted, in an army relying on extensive material support from
Jewish population, anti-Semitism would suffocate and any pogromist movement would be
countered and checked by internal forces. Jewry should have supported the Russian Army which
went on in an immortal struggle for the Russian land…. Jewry was pushed from the Russian
Cause, yet Jewry had to push away the pushers.”
He writes all this after having painful personal experience of participation in the White
movement. Despite all those dark and serious problems that surfaced in the White movement, we
delightfully and with great reverence bow our uncovered heads before this one and only
commendable fact of the struggle against the ignominy of Russian history, the so-called Russian
Revolution. It was a great movement for the unfading values of upholding the human spirit.
Yet the White Army did not support even those Jews who volunteered for service in it.
What a humiliation people like doctor Pasmanik had to go through (many Jews were outraged
after finding him among the pogromists!) The Volunteer Army persistently refused to accept
Jewish petty officers and cadets, even those who in October 1917 bravely fought against
Bolsheviks. It was a huge moral blow to Russian Jewry. “I will never forget,” he writes, “how
eleven Jewish petty officers came to me in Simferopol complaining that they were expelled from
fighting units and posted as cooks in the rear.”
Shulgin writes: “If only as many Jews participated in the White Movement as did in the
revolutionary democracy or in constitutional democracy before that….” Yet only a tiny part of
Jewry joined the White Guards. Only very few individuals, whose dedication could not be
overvalued as the anti-Semitism [among the Whites] was already clearly obvious by that time.
Meanwhile, there were many Jews among the Reds. There, most importantly, they often
occupied the top command positions. Aren’t we really aware of the bitter tragedy of those few
Jews who joined the Volunteer Army. The lives of those Jewish Volunteers were as endangered
by the enemy’s bullets as they were by the heroes of the rear who tried to solve the Jewish
question in their own manner.”
Yet it was not all about the “heroes of the rear.” And anti-Semitic feelings had burst into
flames among the young White officers from the intellectual families — despite all their
education, tradition, and upbringing.
And this all the more doomed the White Army to isolation and perdition.
Linsky tells us that on the territories controlled by the Volunteer Army, the Jews were not
employable in the government services or in the OsvAg (“Information-Propaganda Agency,” an
intelligence and counter-intelligence agency, established in the White Army by General A.M.
Dragomirov). Yet he refutes the claim that publications of OsvAg contained anti-Semitic
propaganda and that pogromists were not punished. No, the command did not want Jewish
pogroms, yet it could not act against the pogromist attitudes of their troops. It psychologically
couldn’t use severe measures. The army was not as it used to be, and requirements of the regular
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wartime or peacetime military charters could not be fully applied to it, as the minds of all
soldiers were already battle-scarred by the Civil War.
Although they didn’t want pogroms, Denikin’s government didn’t dare to denounce anti-
Semitic propaganda loudly, despite the fact that the pogroms inflicted great harm on Denikin’s
army. Pasmanik concludes: the Volunteer Army generally assumed a hostile attitude toward the
entire Russian Jewry. But I. Levin disagrees, saying that “the views of only one part of the
movement, those of the active pogromists, are now attributed to the whole movement,” while in
reality “the White Movement was quite complex, it was composed of different factions … with
often opposite views.”
Yet to bet on Bolsheviks, to walk in their shadows because of fear of pogroms, is obvious
and evident madness. A Jew says: either the Bolsheviks or the pogroms, whereas he should have
been saying: the longer the Bolsheviks hold power, the closer we are to certain death. Yet the
“Judæo-Communists” were, in the parlance of the Whites, agitators as well.
All this was resolutely stopped by Wrangel in Crimea, where there was nothing like what
was described above. (Wrangel even personally ordered Rev. Vladimir Vostokov to stop his
public anti-Jewish sermons.)
In July 1920, Shulim Bezpalov, the aforementioned Jewish millionaire, wrote from Paris
to Wrangel in the Crimea: “We must save our Motherland. She will be saved by the children of
the soil and industrialists. We must give away 75 percent of our revenue until the value of ruble
has recovered and normal life has been rebuilt.”
Yet it was already too late.
Still, a part of the Jewish population of the Crimea chose to evacuate with Wrangel’s
army.
True, the White Movement was in desperate need of the support by the Western public
opinion, which in turn largely depended on the fate of Russian Jewry. It needed that support, yet,
as we saw, it had fatally and unavoidably developed a hostility toward the Jews and later it was
not able to prevent pogroms. As Secretary of State for War, Winston Churchill was the major
advocate of the Allied intervention in Russia and military aid to the White armies. Because of the
pogroms, Churchill appealed directly to Denikin: “My goal of securing the support in the
Parliament for the Russian national movement will be incomparably more difficult,” if the
pogroms are not stopped. “Churchill also feared the reaction of powerful Jewish circles among
the British elite.” Jewish circles in the USA held similar opinions on the situation in Russia.
However, the pogroms were not stopped, which largely explains the extremely weak and
reluctant assistance given by the Western powers to the White armies. And calculations by Wall
Street naturally led it to support Bolsheviks as the more likely future rulers over Russia’s riches.
Moreover, the climate in the US and Europe was permeated by sympathy toward those who
claimed to be builders of a New World, with their grandiose plans and great social objective.
And yet, the behavior of the former Entente of Western nations during the entire Civil
War is striking by its greed and blind indifference toward the White Movement — the successor
of their wartime ally, Imperial Russia. They even demanded that the Whites join the Bolshevik
delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference; then there was that delirious idea of peace
negotiations with the Bolsheviks on the Princes’ Islands. The Entente, which did not recognize
any of the White governments officially, was hastily recognizing all those new national states
emerging on the periphery of Russia — thus unambiguously betraying the desire for its
dismemberment.
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The British hurried to occupy the oil-rich region of Baku; the Japanese claimed parts of
the Far East and the Kamchatka Peninsula. The American troops in Siberia were more of
hindrance than a help and actually facilitated the capture of Primorye by the Bolsheviks. The
Allies even extorted payments for any aid they provided — in gold from Kolchak; in the South
of Russia, in the form of Black Sea vessels, concessions and future obligations. (There were truly
shameful episodes: when the British were leaving the Archangel region in the Russian north,
they took with them some of the Czar’s military equipment and ammunition. They gave some of
what they couldn’t take to the Reds and sunk the rest in the sea — to prevent it from getting into
the hands of the Whites!) In the spring of 1920, the Entente put forward an ultimatum to the
White Generals Denikin and Wrangel demanding an end to their struggle against the Bolsheviks.
(In the summer of 1920 France provided some material aid to Wrangel so that he could help
Poland. Yet only six months later they were parsimoniously deducting Wrangel’s military
equipment as payment for feeding of those Russian soldiers who retreated to Gallipoli.)
We can judge about the actions of the few occupational forces actually sent by the
Entente from a testimonial by Prince Grigory Trubetskoy, a serious diplomat, who observed the
French Army during its occupation of Odessa in 1919: “French policies in the South of Russia in
general and their treatment of issues of Russian statehood in particular were strikingly confused,
revealing their gross misunderstanding of the situation.”
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