2 Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works

Summary of the Chapter
In this chapter we investigated the phraseological units which have word synonyms: to make up one`s mind to decide to haul down colours to surrender. According to the degree of idiomatic city phraseological units can be classified into three big groups: phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, and phraseological collocations. Phraseological fusions are completely non-motivated word-groups, as mad as a hatter utterly mad; white elephant an expensive but useless thing. Phraseological unities are partially non-motivated as their meaning can usually be perceived through the metaphoric meaning of the whole phraseological unit, e.g. to bend the knee to submit to a stronger force, to obey submissively, to wash one`s dirty linen in public to discuss or make public one`s quarrels. Phraseological collocations are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically e.g. to meet the requirements, to attain success.
Sometimes phraseological units characterize on the words making them (a noun and a noun belong to what parts of speech: side by side, in perfect harmony; noun and adjective: ill turn, clever fingers; verb, including adverbial participle, and noun: to lose courage, carelessly; verb and adverb: as wise as before, to see through). Though phraseological units — steady combinations of words, existence of several options of one set phrase is possible. Such options can differ with separate elements of lexical structure, sometimes — stylistic coloring, but these distinctions don't break identity of a set phrase, in phraseological unities the uniform image remains: isn't worth a farthing — copper don't cost a penny.
Phraseological units are often homonymous to free combinations of words: to go down stream, to wave a hand. Phraseological units can enter with words and among themselves the synonymic and anatomic relations, for example: at the other end of the world — at the end of the world — far (synonyms); having rolled up sleeves / it is good — carelessly / badly (antonyms). As well as words, phraseological units can have limited compatibility (having rolled up sleeves, carelessly — only with to work, work, do). As well as words, phraseological units can become outdated. So, misunderstood for the majority speaking the phraseological unit is outdated to kill a beaver with value 'be deceived in calculations'. The phraseological fund of language is replenished at the expense of phraseological units - neologisms.