2 Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works

CONTENTS

Introduction...........................................................................................................2

Chapter I: Phraseology as a branch of linguistics in literary works……….8

1. 
   Historical development of translation of phraseological units…...............8
   
2. 
   Main types of phraseological units and their peculiarities………………15
   

Summary of the chapter………………………………………………………...23


Chapter II: Translation peculiarities of phraseological units……………...24
2.1. Translation problems of phraseological units……………………………...24
2.2. Complications in the translation of English phraseological units…………….32
2.3. Ways of translation of phraseological units……………………………….39
Summary of the chapter………………………………………………………...47


Chapter III: The translation problems of phraseological units in literary work…………………………………………………………………………....49
3.1. Literary translation: different approaches and strategies…………………..49
3.2. Hemingway’s writing style in “The Old Man and The Sea”………………62
3.3. The translation problems of phraseological units from English into Uzbek on the material of the novel “The Old Man and The Sea” by E.Hemingway ……………...…………………………………………………………………..69
Summary of the chapter………………………………………………………...86
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...87
Used literature………………………………………………………………….90
INTRODUCTION
Today, English is becoming more and more popular all over the world. It is not only considered as the mother tongue of about 60 million speakers in many countries but also used widely in the world as an international language. As the mean of communication, English brings people on Earth together and helps them understand each other and exchange material, cultural and spiritual values of their own countries.
In the past years in our country was launched a large-scale work on the improvement of learning of foreign languages. In 2012 in accordance with the Presidential Decree “On measuring to further improving of foreign languages learning” in the State center was created a new administration its specialists had to create from zero a new system for the country which is functioning now and getting upgraded. Infrastructure promoting the study of foreign language is being improved; classes of foreign languages are fitted up with new equipment’s for using multimedia educational resources. Although these reforms are being taken during the last years, this was aimed from the first years of Independence of the country. In 1997, the President noted: “In the process of higher school reformation, we must consolidate their contacts with higher educational institutions in other countries. It`s necessary to promote the encouragement of foreign teachers” [3, 12]
The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoev has signed several documents in order to reform the higher education in the country. The purpose of all those documents is to train highly qualified specialists in the country. The President says: “We will direct the whole power and capabilities of our country and society so that our youth can think independently, possess intellectual and spiritual knowledge, can become people who can compete with their peers in any sphere on a global scale and be prosperous and happy” [1, 14].
The youth of Uzbekistan are stepping onto the stage of the world in different spheres and through this they are presenting the country in the worldwide. Their achievement on science, sport, art and cultural presentations is making the place of our state stronger in the world. Now whole world is aware of our bright culture, traditions and knows us as a nation with a rich history.
The art of literary translation demands us to deal with this problem in an aesthetic taste and translate not word by word, phrase by phrase but try to express their meaning, semantics and emphasis in translated language as in the original one. We knew every notion has its own lexical and phraseological units. Sometimes they are difficult to translate and keep original version. We should pay our attention and do it as in as in the original one. The translation phraseological units and idioms belong to the stylistic problems of the Theory of translation. It is regarded to be one of the most important problems in linguistics. The beauty of the literary work depends not only on its general plot, but also some criteria of it the ornament of lexical, phraseological units and idioms. As you know, foreign language learning is widespread in our country.
Knowledge of the language cannot be achieved without studying its phraseological system. Knowing phraseology makes it easy to read both publicist and artistic literature. Use of consciousness in phraseological units gives a sense of idiom. The aesthetic appearance of the tongue is enhanced by the use of phraseological terms that are not translated, but rather refined. The study is a complex study of modern English language phraseological units, collected from fiction. This aspect of the Phraseology study is important because not only in English but also in other languages, most of the phraseological units are derived from fiction. The transformation is one of the major sources of English language phraseology, especially in English literature. [10, 64]
The sole condition for the translation to be unique to the form and content is that the interpreter has a choice of ethnos and linguistic means in his own language. This responsibility entrusts him first to perceive the meaning and the function of the work, and then to fully present the thought formed in his memory on the basis of his own culture and language. The task of phraseology as a linguist is to comprehensively study his or her philosophical fund of a particular language. Important aspects of this science research are the phraseological integrity of the phraseology system and the semantic structure of phraseological units, their origins and main functions. The tremendous degree of phraseology is the translation of the phraseological units, which requires a great deal of expertise and expertise in the field of the research work.
The shortage of skilled translators from western languages into the Uzbek language brought to some problems of translating. We should mention all translations from the second half of the XIX century were not directly done from the western languages; the translations of fiction and scientific literature were done through the Russian translations. Practically there were no schools of translation directly from English. And it caused misunderstanding with the connotative meaning of the source text. But we should add that the translations which were done through Russian were very influential on the development of the Uzbek culture in general. In this cultural and literary interchange and interpenetration Russian played a role of the bridge, binding Uzbek readers with world culture and literature. The works of more than thirty representatives of English and American literature, writers and poets were translated into Uzbek at the same period. However, the main feature of these translations was the fact that they were not direct translations from English, but the translations mediated through Russian. [14, 35]
One of the branches of translation is the translation of fiction, and indeed this is a branch which has become more outstanding in the translation field. The language in fiction is usually colloquial because it comprises both narratives and dialogues. This colloquial language often causes problems in translation, since it usually contains cultural meanings, secondary meanings or figurative language. As a result, it is difficult to find equivalents in the target language when translating from one language into another, especially, as states, when the cultures of the languages are different. [15, 46]
From the very moment of appearance of different languages and to the present days there are many difficulties connected with the translation, because a translator faces lots of problems besides delivering a common sense of the original text or speech. Of course, lots of things depend on the functional style of the original: if it is a scientific one, the main task would be to translate the content, but while translating a fiction work it is important to preserve the form and semantical meaning as well. In this case stylistic and semantic aspects are of no small importance.
The given research work is devoted to study the translation peculiarities of phraseological units in the literary works from English into Uzbek which was one of the disputable and important problems of lexicology, stylistics and translation.