1. What is microeconomics? The concept of migration?

International migration processes and problems
Migration has a major impact on the composition and location of the world's population. Migration (Latin migratio - "migration") - permanent or temporary migration of the population from one area to another. Migration within a single address is not considered migration. Migration can be classified according to several criteria. External migration is defined as migration to another state. Sometimes external migration is divided into intracontinental and intercontinental migration. Internal migration is migration within another state to another region. divided into inter-regional migrations.
Migration is divided into permanent and temporary types. Temporary migrations are seasonal, temporary, and pendulum-like. While seasonal migrations are more associated with agricultural activities, temporary migrations are mainly related to work in mining or construction sites in areas with unfavorable natural conditions. Pendulum-like migrations take place between the city and its environs on a daily and weekly basis: from the surrounding villages and smaller towns to the city for work, study and other purposes, while urban residents move away, mainly for leisure, pilgrimage or farming. for frequent attendance.
Economic, family, ethnic, religious, political, environmental (natural) factors cause migration. Migration is mainly due to economic reasons, such as certain living conditions and job search. Family migration is a process of reuniting family members living in different places. Ethnic and religious migration refers to the movement of people of a particular nationality or religion to another country or region. Political migration occurs as a result of war or political revolutions. Environmental migrants leave the habitat due to environmental degradation. In addition, migration is divided into voluntary and compulsory, organized and unorganized.
Currently, the largest wave of migration is from developing countries to developed countries. The United States receives the largest number of foreign migrants. In recent years, the number of immigrants in the country has exceeded 45 million. Among Western European countries, Germany, the United Kingdom and France have the highest number of immigrants. There are 7-10 million immigrants in each of these states. Most immigrants to Western Europe come from Southwest and South Asia, North Africa and Eastern Europe. Other developed countries include Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Israel and South Africa. Therefore, the migration balance is positive in all developed countries.
Large migration flows have also emerged among developing countries, most of which have negative migration balances. In particular, large numbers of foreign migrants are attracted by the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, especially Saudi Arabia and the UAE, as well as newly industrialized countries such as South Korea, Singapore and Malaysia. Millions of immigrants from Asian and African countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Yemen, Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt are working in these countries.
In Latin America, Asia and Africa, there are large migratory flows between neighboring countries not only economically, but also politically, ecologically, ethnically, but in terms of territory. . For example, millions of people are migrating from Syria to Turkey, from Afghanistan to Iran, and from Uganda to Kenya. Large migration flows also exist in the CIS, mostly to Russia.
Modern international migration has a number of features and problems. Most importantly, the migration process has become truly global today, covering almost all regions and countries. In some cases, external migration has played a major role in overall population growth, especially for developed and transition economies. However, international migration flows have a significant impact on the composition and movement of the population of countries that have become centers of immigration, ethnic and confessional (religious) diversity in society, and inter-ethnic and inter-religious relations. Occasionally there are clashes between locals and foreigners. At the same time, forced migration of the world's population has been increasing in recent years. Syria, Iraq, Palestine, Libya, Afghanistan and other countries with difficult military and political conditions and threats to large sections of the population stand out as the hotbeds of these migration waves.
Another important aspect of modern migration is that the qualitative composition of international migrants (for example, in terms of education level) is changing, and the participation of highly qualified specialists in interstate migration flows is increasing. While this situation is positive for developed countries, which are the centers of immigration, emigration centers are the opposite for developing countries and countries with economies in transition.