1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
No gender distinctions: Finnish, Turkish, Eng. 2 genders – Ital., Spanish, Danish, French. 3 genders – Ukr., German.
Absence of the morph category of G in Eng. is proved by the unchanged attributive adjuncts to nouns (the great emperor, heroine, desire). However, there are possessive conjoint or possessive absolute pronouns to indicate the extralingual category of sex (his, her, mine). Some nouns indicate the sex of living beings by morphological means (-morphemes: boy-friend, girl-friend; -suffixes: actor – actress, - suppletively: king, queen). All lifeless things in Eng, unlike Ukr, are associated with the pron it (the neut. g.). In spoken Eng all strong or fearful animals, birds and natural phenomena or celestial objects are usually referred to masculine gender. All weaker, timid or sly animals and birds - fem. The names of celestial bodies may be fem., masc. and neuter. The countries - fam. Mythical, mythological and various abstract notions are treated depending on their corresponding meaning.
The morph. category of G in Ukr. is identified through: -separate inflexions of the adjunct/attribute; - inflexion of the finite form of the verb that conjugates with a noun. G in Ukr. (means): a) marked infl. in the nom. case (книжка, село, яйце); b) zero infl. (дуб, ніч); с) suf. or root suf. + endings (робітник, вчительк-а); d) modifying word: цей, такий (-a,-e).


39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
In Ukr. 7 (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative case)
In Eng. 2 (O. Jespersen, V. Yartseva, B. Rohovska, B. Khaimovich), 4 (G. Curme, M. Deutschbein), 5-6 (J. Nesfield, F. Sonnenschein). G. N. Vorontsova no, since the -'s sign - a postpositive particle expressing possession. R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum - common and genitive cases (-'s genitive and of-genitive).
Eng. Genitive has such meanings: - possessive G (Mary’s father); - subjective G (doctor’s arrival); -objective G. (the man’s release); - adverbial G. (to hour’s walk); -equation G. (a mile’s distance); -G of destination (children’s books); -mixed group (yesterday’s paper).

40. The category of number of nouns and its realization in the languages compared.

Cat. of number:
Isomorphic:
- Singularia tantum nouns (-parts of the world: the North, захід; - material: gold, water, вода; -collective: hair, білизна; -abstract: kindness, відвага, гамір)
- Pluralia tantum nouns (- summation: tongs, scissors, окуляри, ворота; - remnants: leavings, висівки, недоїдки; - games: cards, billiards, шахи, кеглі; -abstract: contents, будні, злидні).
Allomorphic:
- Ukr. number forming inflexions are determined by the declension group (син – сини, снігур - снігурі), by the gender of nouns and final consonant or vowel, which can respectively be hard, soft or mixed (sibilant).
- dual number in Ukr. (два слова),
- many nouns do not coincide in number in Engl. and Ukr. (Pl. barracks, goods, customs - Sg. казарма, товар, митниця; Sg. cream, yist, money - Pl. вершки, дріжджі, гроші);
- some Engl. nouns have no clear number distinction (deer, swine, sheep, Ukr. – only borrowed кенгуру, таксі);
- Eng. the formation of plural by way of sound interchange (ablaut): foot — feet.
- Engl. borrowed noun inflexions: Latin: -a- -ae (alga — algae); -us- -i: (stimulus — stimuli); -um- -a (datum-data); Greek: -is, -es (analysis — analyses) and –on, -a (phenomenon — phenomena).