1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims

An exception constitute the following lexical correlations: ashamed —соромно. Треба -has a need.
Some statives may have grading. more dead than alive. more ashamed than anybody else. тут гірше, там було найкраще. ще холодніше.
The category of state may be expressed in the contrasted languages by means of nouns (in English by prepositional nouns only). Cf. "She seemed on fire". (Galsworthy) "You keep me in the know". (Ibid.) Сором слів, що ллються від безсилля. (Л. Українка) Не раз він був у відчаї. (Стельмах) Страх бере, їх охоплював жах.
The combinability - is and all. Is: Stative + Vinf: afraid to answer, треба працювати, St+prep+N: ashamed of the deed, Соромно за хлопця. St+prep+I afraid of this, соромно за неї, St+prep+Q afraid of 2, краще для обох. Common syntactic function – as predicative and predicate.
All: En comb with gerund: afraid of answering, Uk – take indirect complement: треба часу. All in U –function of attribute - the child asleep.
52 Modal Words
The lexical units belonging to this part of speech are characterised in both languages by their meaning of "modality". They are used to express the speaker's judgement concerning the action/event or object in the utterance/ sentence. These words/phrases in English and Ukrainian are as follows: certainly, indeed, maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably, of course, no doubt - певне, напевне, звичайно, може, можливо, безумовно, безсумнівно and others.
Are traditionally classified as follows:
1. Modal words/phrases expressing various shades of certainty: ce tainly, of course, surely, no doubt, assuredly, indeed, undoubtedly, really (певне, напевне, звичайно, безсумнівно, безперечно, безумовно, зрозуміло, правда):
2. Modal words expressing various degrees of probability: maybe, perhaps, possibly, probably (може, можливо, мабуть, ймовірно, видно, здається):
3. Modal words expressing various shades of desirability (fortunate ly, unfortunately), which have a restricted number of semantic equiva lents in Ukrainian (на щастя, на жаль, шкода):
4. Modal words expressing doubt, uncertainty and coinciding in form with the modal words denoting probability (maybe, perhaps, proba bly — може, можливо, мабуть):
The subjective and objective attitude of the speaker towards an event/ action may often be expressed by several other parenthetic words and phrases which may point a) to the authorship of the idea/assertion expressed in the sentence, eg.: they say, as reported, in my view, to my mind, 1 think - кажуть, як повідомляють, на мою думку, як говориться, etc.; b) to words and phrases expressing an estimation of the expressed idea in the sentence (shortly speaking, generally speaking, in a word — коротко кажучи, відверто кажучи, одне слово, etc.); c) to words pointing to the order or succession of ideas expressed in the sentence (firstly, secondly, on the contrary - по-перше, по-друге, навпаки, etc.).
Originate from : 1) adverbs (really, probably, fortunately справді, очевидно, дійсно); 2) nouns with or without prepositions (only in Ukrainian): in one's view, in one's opinion, to one's judgment — сором, страх, на мою думку, на мій погляд; 3) verbal phrases and sentences (it seems, you see - здається, бачите, як бачите, кажуть); 4) statives (in Ukrainian): чутно, видно, etc.
position in the sentence. occupy any position acc to the emphasis they are given by the author/speaker. Cf. Perhaps he will come. He will, perhaps, come. He will come, perhaps.Можливо, він прийде; він, можливо, прийде; він прийде, можливо).
may also be used as elliptical answers to some utterances.