1. Tense Categories of the English Language

12.Major categories of a text.
There are typical and atypical texts. The main index of typical texts: 1).integrity 2).modality 3).title 4).anthropocentrity 5).sequence.
They fulfill such functions: 1). communicative direction, 2).informative, 3).entertaining, 4).linguo-creative ( when smth new is created with the help of old language means ) E.g пришел, увидел, победил – пришел, увидел, помолчи! 5).emotive.
To atypical texts belong those that have no one of the index of typical texts ( no beginning, title, absence of modality or logical sequence).
They are: quotations, anecdotes, weather forecasts).Their features: repetiotion, parallel constractions, play of word-assousiations, metaphor is widely used. They are created by means of homonymy.


13.The category of voice in English
Voice is the form of a verb which shows the relation between the subject and the predicate verb in the sentence. There are two voices in Eng the active and the passive. The Active voice indicates that the subject of the sentence acts, that it is the doer of an action. Eg.: He is writing a letter. The passive voice indicates that the subject of the sentence is acted upon that it is the recipient of the action Eg.: The lessons are given by her. Thus the division into voices is based on the relation between the action (expressed by the predicate verb) and the doer or recipient of the action (expressed by the subject).
The voice is expressed in Eng by the opposition of the active form of the verb to the passive one. The passive form as a strong member of the opposition expressed reception of the action by the subject of the syntactic construction that is the passive subject which denotes the object of the action The active form as the weak member of the opposition leaves this meaning unspecified that is expressing non-passivity.
In transitive verbs have no passive voice forms, as they are characterized by the meaning of activeness. They denote the relations between the doer and the action.