1. Stylistics as a branch of general linguistics

Literary coinages (неологизм)

There is a term in linguistic which is called neologism. It is a new word or new meaning for an establish word. The first time of neologism may be named terminological coinages, the second time stylistic coinages.

The fait of literary coinages mainly depends on the number of rival synonyms, already existing in the vocabulary of the language. Most of the literary bookish coinages are built by means of affixation and word compounding. Also conversion, derivation and change of meaning may be registered as means by which literary bookish coinages are built. Coining new words by means of affixation is still predominant (different suffixes and prefixes). There is still another means of word building in modern English which is very popular at the present time and that is the blending of two words into one by curtailing (укорачивать)

The end of the first component on the beginning of the second: smog=smoke+fog / brunch=breakfast+lunch/ parasailing=parachute+sailing. Such words are called blends (слова-гибриды).

Another type of neologism is the nonce-word, i.e. a word coined to suit one particular occasion. They rarely pass into the language as legitimate units of the vocabulary, but they remain in the language as constant manifestations (проявление) of its innate (врожденной) power of word-building. They also remind us of the writers who coined them. "You're the bestest good one—she said—the most bestest good one in the world:" (H. Bates).

In modern English new words are also coined by a means which is very productive in technical literature and therefore is mostly found in scientific style by contractions and abbreviations. /TRUD=time remaining until dive/, Unesco (United Nations Education and Science Organization); jeep (GP=General Purpose car).

Stylistic expressive means and stylistic devises.

All expressive means and stylistic devises can be divided into 3 main groups:

1. 
   Phonetic
   
2. 
   Lexical
   
3. 
   Syntactical
   

Phonetic stylistic devises and expressive means includes: Onomatopoeia, Alliteration, Rhyme, Rhythm.

Lexical stylistic devises and expressive means includes:

1. INTERACTION (взаимодействие) OF PRIMARY DICTIONARY AND CONTEXTUALLY IMPOSED (знач-е согл контексту) MEANINGS: Metaphor, Metonymy, Irony

2. . INTERACTION OF PRIMARY AND DERIVATIVE LOGICAL MEANINGS: Zeugma and Pun

3. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND EMOTIVE MEANINGS: Interjections and Exclamatory Words, The Epithet, Oxymoron

4. INTERACTION OF LOGICAL AND NOMINAL MEANINGS: Antonomasia

11. Slang, jargonizes (SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY)

Slang seems to mean everything that is below the standard of usage of present-day English. Slang is nothing but deviation from the establish norm of the vocabulary. The full novelty and informality of certain slang words produce pleasure. Knowledge box= head/ bread busket=stomack/ There are many kinds of slang: cockney, public-house (пивные), commercial, military etc. These leads us to believe that there is also a standard slang, the slang is common to all, those who use an informal language, which in fact is no language, but simply a way of speaking.

Jargonisms. Jargon is a recognized term for a group of words that exists in almost every language and whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. Jargonisms are generally old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them: grease=money, loaf=head. Jargonisms are social in character. They are not regional. The following jargonisms are well known in English language: the jargon of (воров и бродяг) thieves and vagabonds – cant; the jargon of jazz people, army, sportsmen, etc. Slang contrary to jargon need no translation. It is closely understood by the English speaking community. Jargonisms should be decoded. There is a common jargon and there is also special professional jargons.

12. Professionalisms; dialectal words

Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. Professionalisms are correlated to terms, They generally remain in circulation within a defined community as they are linked to a common occupation and common social interests. The semantic structure of the term is usually transparent and is therefore easily understood: block-buster – a bomb special designed to destroy block of buildings, сейчас кассовый фильм. Professionalisms should not be mixed with jargonisms. They don’t aim a secrecy, they fulfill a social usefull function in communication facilitating (содействия): a quick and adequate grasp (понимание) of the message.

Dialectal words are those which in the process of integration of the English national lan­guage remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is gener­ally confined to a definite locality. Some dialectal word have become so familiar in good colloquial English that they are universally excepted as recognized units of the standard colloquial English. Most of the examples of dialect words come from the Scottish and northern dialects. This is explained by the fact that Scotland has struggled (борьба) to retain (сохранить) the peculiarities of her language. Therefore, many of the words fixed in dictionaries as dialectal are of Scottish origin. Among other dialects used in stylistic purpose in literary is the southern dialect. This dialect has a phonetic peculiarities that distinguished it from other dialects, that is the initial (начальный) sound ‘s’ and ‘f’ are voiced and are written in dialect speech of character as ‘z’ and ‘v’: volk-folk, zee-see.

Dialectal words are only to be found in the style of emotive prose, very rarely in other style and even here their use is confined (ограниченно) to the function of the characterizing personalities through their speech.

13. Vulgar words; colloquial coinages (коинидж).

Vulgar words can be divided into 2 groups:

1) expletives and swear words (бранные, ругательные слова) which are of an abusive character, like 'damn', 'bloody', ‘to hell', 'goddam' and used now as general exclamations;

2) obscene (эбсИ:н) words (непристойные). They are known as four-letter words the use of which is banned of any form communication. All of these words are of Anglo-Saxon origin.

Vulgarisms are often used in conversation out of habit (по привычке,), without any thought of what they mean, or in imitation of those who use them in order not to seem old-fashioned or prudish (чопорный). The function is almost the same: to express strong emotions, mainly negative. They are not to be found in any functional style of language except emotive prose, and here only in the direct speech of the characters.

Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) are spontaneous and elusive (неуловимыми). Not all of the colloquial nonce-words are fixed in dictionaries or even in writing and therefore most of them disappear from the language leaving no trace in it. Unlike literary-bookish coinages, nonce-words of a colloquial nature are not usually built by means of affixes but are based on certain semantic changes in words. Therefore colloquial nonce-formations are actually not new words but new meanings of existing words.

14.