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The procedure for performing artificial respiration.
The most effective method of artificial respiration is the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method, which is based on the method of forcefully blowing into the airways of the victim. Air blowing can be done through gauze, a scarf, a special device - an “air duct”.
Рисунок 1.2. Проведение искусственного дыхания
Before starting artificial respiration:
- release the victim from clothing restricting breathing;
- lay the victim on his back on a horizontal surface;
- ensure the patency of the upper respiratory tract (free the oral cavity from vomit, foreign objects, etc.)
- tilt the victim's head back as much as possible, placing the palm of one hand under the back of the head, and with the other hand press on the victim's forehead until his chin is in line with the neck (Figure 1.2).
Next, the caregiver leans over the victim, takes a deep breath with his mouth open, and then exhale vigorously, with some effort, blowing air into the victim's mouth. The victim's chest should rise.
If the victim has a well-determined pulse and only artificial respiration is necessary, then the interval between artificial breaths should be 5 seconds. (12 breaths per minute).
When performing artificial respiration, it is necessary to ensure that air does not enter the victim's stomach (bloating).
Artificial respiration is stopped after the victim recovers sufficiently deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing.
In the absence of not only breathing, but also a pulse on the carotid artery, two artificial breaths are taken in a row and an external heart massage is started.
Procedure for external cardiac massage.
Heart massage (artificial rhythmic contractions of the victim's heart, simulating its independent contractions) is carried out to artificially maintain blood circulation in the victim's body and restore normal natural heart contractions.
When assisting a shocked person, an indirect (external) heart massage is performed with rhythmic pressure on the chest. As a result, the heart contracts between the sternum and spine and pushes blood out of its cavities. When the pressure is released, the chest and heart expand and the heart fills with blood from the veins. In a person who is in a state of clinical death, the chest, due to the loss of muscle tension, is easily displaced (compressed) when pressed on it, providing the necessary compression of the heart.
To perform a heart massage, you must:
- lay the victim on his back on a hard surface,
- bare chest
- unfasten items of clothing that restrict breathing (belt, etc.).
When performing a heart massage, the assisting person stands on either side of the victim and takes a position in which a more or less significant tilt over him is possible (Figure 1.3.).
Figure 1.3. Performing chest compressions
Massage is done by sharp pressure with both hands on the middle part of the chest (about two ribs above the end of the chest), with one hand placed on the other. When pressing, the arms should be straightened at the elbow joints.
Pressing should be done with quick jerks, helping by tilting your body so as to displace the sternum by 3-5 cm, with a frequency of at least 60 times per minute. The duration of pressure is not more than 0.5 seconds, the interval between individual pressures is 0.5 seconds. In pauses, hands are not removed from the sternum.
The optimal ratio of chest compressions to mechanical ventilation breaths is 30:2, regardless of the number of participants.
Universal first aid scheme at the scene of an accident:
1. If there is no consciousness and there is no pulse on the carotid artery, start resuscitation.
2. If there is no consciousness, but there is a pulse on the carotid artery, turn on the stomach and clean the oral cavity.
3. In case of arterial bleeding - apply a tourniquet.
4. If there are wounds, apply bandages.
5. If there are signs of fractures of the bones of the limbs, apply transport tires.
To quickly return blood to the heart, raise the victim's legs.
To save the life of the brain - apply cold to the head.
To remove air from the stomach - turn the victim on his stomach and press his fists below the navel.
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