Theme: Hardware and Software

Essay in English by Tilovboyev Jurabek, 1st year student of Vocational Education, Faculty of Telecommunications and Vocational Education, Nukus Branch, Tashkent University of Information Technologies named after Muhammad al-Khwarizmi.
Theme: Hardware and Software
PLAN

• Hardware vs. Software: What’s the Difference?

• Hardware

• Software

• Hardware

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.
By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is so-termed because it is "hard" or rigid with respect to changes, whereas software is "soft" because it is easy to change.
Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system, although other systems exist with only hardware.
Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any of the physical components of an analog or digital computer. The term hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device from software, which consists of written, machine-readable instructions or programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute the instructions.
Hardware and software are complementary. A computing device can function efficiently and produce useful output only when both hardware and software work together appropriately.
Computer hardware can be categorized as being either internal or external components. Generally, internal hardware components are those necessary for the proper functioning of the computer, while external hardware components are attached to the computer to add or enhance functionality.

• What are internal computer hardware components?
• Internal components collectively process or store the instructions delivered by the program or operating system (OS). These include the following:
• Motherboard. This is a printed circuit board that holds the central processing unit (CPU) and other essential internal hardware and functions as the central hub that all other hardware components run through.
• CPU. The CPU is the brain of the computer that processes and executes digital instructions from various programs; its clock speed determines the computer's performance and efficiency in processing data.
• RAM. RAM -- or dynamic RAM -- is temporary memory storage that makes information immediately accessible to programs; RAM is volatile memory, so stored data is cleared when the computer powers off.
• Hard drive. Hard disk drives are physical storage devices that store both permanent and temporary data in different formats, including programs, OSes, device files, photos, etc.

• Optical drive. Optical drives typically reside in an on-device drive bay; they enable the computer to read and interact with nonmagnetic external media, such as compact disc read-only memory or digital video discs.
• Heat sink. This is a passive piece of hardware that draws heat away from components to regulate/reduce their temperature to help ensure they continue to function properly. Typically, a heat sink is installed directly atop the CPU, which produces the most heat among internal components.
• Graphics processing unit. This chip-based device processes graphical data and often functions as an extension to the main CPU.
• Network interface card (NIC). A NIC is a circuit board or chip that enables the computer to connect to a network; also known as a network adapter or local area network adapter, it typically supports connection to an Ethernet network.
• Other computing components, such as USB ports, power supplies, transistors and chips, are also types of internal hardware.

• Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data.[1] This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work.
• At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a computer screen; causing state changes which should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed to "jump" to a different instruction, or is interrupted by the operating system. As of 2015, most personal computers, smartphone devices and servers have processors with multiple execution units or multiple processors performing computation together, and computing has become a much more concurrent activity than in the past.

The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages.High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has a strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.The majority of software is written in high-level programming languages. They are easier and more efficient for programmers because they are closer to natural languages than machine languages. High-level languages are translated into machine language using a compiler or an interpreter or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has a strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler.
What is hardware?
Think of hardware as what you need to make your computer work. It's a physical part of a computer system. Computers require hardware to exist.
What is software?
Software is something that you install onto your computer that has its own code, like a specific program. It's the programs and applications that you run on a physical device. Examples of this are operating systems and SaaS platforms.
Can you have hardware without software?
While a computer can’t run without hardware, it can run without software, but where’s the fun in that? For instance, software needs hardware in order to operate how it is programmed to. Your favorite video game or video conferencing platform are both examples of software that needs computer hardware, like memory, processors, video cards, and sound devices, to work how you want it to.
Can you have software without hardware?
No matter if the software is for the operating system, a program, or a new application, it needs some hardware component to reach its full potential. What good will that computer game be if you didn’t have a monitor to play it on? Or speakers to hear the sound effects?
When it comes to the hardware of your computer, can you imagine trying to get through the workday without your mouse, keyboard, or power source? Chances are you probably won't get too far without them.
THANK
YOU
DESIGN by CICI