Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized education of Republic of Uzbekistan
Termez State University
Inter faculty chair of Foreign Languages
Control work for the department of Physicss
1. Read and translate the text on specialty in written form:
TEXT: «PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS»
The forces that hold atoms and molecules in place give solids their strength. The strength
of a material is determined by measuring its elasticity – that is how stiff it is and how it
behaves when it is stretched or compressed. Elasticity is measured as the ratio of stress to
strain. Stress is defined as the force acting on a material divided by the area over which the
force is applied. Stress may be applied in three different ways: tensile, shear and
compressive. Tensile stress causes a material to become elongated (stretched), and shear
stress causes it to be twisted out of shape. In both cases the component atoms or molecules
are pulled apart as they move from their original positions. When the stress is removed, the
attractive forces between the atoms or molecules pull them back together again, and the
material is restored to its original shape. Compressive stress forces the atoms or molecules
together, and it is the repulsive forces that restore the shape of the material when the stress is
removed. If stress is applied to a material and slowly increased, the material accordingly
changes shape. But at a certain point it reaches its elastic limit. Another property of solid
materials that depends on the strength of the bonds between atoms or molecules is hardness.
As in a solid, the atoms or molecules of a liquid are held together by attractive forces. But
these forces are not great enough to hold the atoms or molecules in a fixed pattern, they
move about on random. As a result, a liquid can flow and it cannot be stretched or istored.
Like a solid, it can be compressed slightly and shows the same sort of elasticity when
subjected to compressive stress. Unlike a solid, but like a gas, a liquid exerts pressure, which
at any point depends on the depth and the density of the liquid. A liquid does not expand to
fill the whole of the volume available to it. Instead, the cohesion between its molecules
forces it to maintain a fixed volume (at a given temperature). It takes on the shape of all or
part of its container – but this is only because the forces of gravity makes it do so. In zero
gravity conditions a liquid takes on the shape with the minimum possible surface area – that
is, a sphere. The fact that a liquid tends to take on a spherical shape is due to a phenomenon
known as surface tension. Inside a volume of liquid all the atoms or molecules attract each
other equally. Each molecule experiences attractive forces in all directions and they cancel
out ach other. But the atoms or molecules on the surface experience few, if any, attractive
forces from the outside. As a result, the forces between them and inner molecules tend to
pull them inwards and towards each other.
2. Define whether the statements are true or false.
1. The forces that hold atoms and molecules in place don’t give
solids their strength.
2. The strength of a material is determined by measuring its elasticity.
3. Stress is defined as the force acting in a material.
4. Stress may be applied in four different ways.
5. Another property of solid materials that depends on the strength of the bonds between atoms
and molecules is softness.
6. Atoms or molecules of a liquid are held together by attractive forces.
7. These forces in liquids are great enough to hold atoms or molecules in a fixed pattern.
8. A liquid always expands to fill the whole of volume available to it.
9. The fact that a liquid tends to take on a spherical shape is due to surface tension.
3. Fill in the gaps with the following words.
tension, to strain, tensile, liquid, compressive, bonds, strength,
hardness, ratio, shear, repulsive, to stretch, exerts, solid
1. The forces that hold atoms and molecules in place give solids their ____.
2. Elasticity is measured as the ____ of stress to ____.
3. Stress may be applied in three different ways ____, _____, _____.
4. ____ stress causes a material to become elongated.
5. ____ stress forces the atoms or molecules together, and it is the ____ forces that restore the
shape of the material.
6. Another property of ____ materials that depends on the strength of the ____ between atoms
and molecules is ____.
7. A ____ can flow.
8. A liquid ____ pressure.
9. The fact that a liquid tends to take on a spherical shape is due to a phenomenon known as
surface ____.