Structure of agriculture[

Structure of agriculture[edit]
Despite the government's efforts to sustain agriculture, not one province had as much as 10 percent of the population involved in agriculture and forestry by 1991.^[1] At the beginning of the 1970s, all but two provinces (Vienna and Vorarlberg) had more than 10 percent of their populations involved in farming.^[1] This contrasted markedly to the situation in 1934, when all but those same two provinces had more than 30 percent of their populations working in agriculture.^[1] Over this period of two generations, the decline in the Austrian farm population was as fast as any in the Western world.^[1]
As of the early 1990s, of Austria's total area of almost 84,000 square kilometers, about 67,000 square kilometers was used for farming and forestry.^[1] Roughly half of that area was forest, and the remainder was arable land and pasture.^[1]
Agriculture and forestry accounted for about 280,000 enterprises in 1986, with the average holding being about twenty-three hectares.^[1] There were about 4,500 corporate farms.^[1] Beyond those farms, however, only a third of all farmers were full-time farmers or farming companies.^[1] Over half the farming enterprises were smaller than ten hectares; nearly 40 percent were smaller than five hectares.^[1] Just as the number of farmers has long been in decline, so also has been the number of farms.^[1]
Family labor predominates, especially in mountainous areas and on smaller farms.^[1] Only a third of all farm and forestry enterprises were classified as full-time occupations in 1986.^[1] A full half of these enterprises are spare-time, that is, less than half of household labor is devoted to farming or forestry.^[1] The remainder are part-time.^[1] Farms up to ten hectares are more often tended by part-time and spare-time farmers rather than by full-time farmers.^[1] For most farm owners and workers, nonfarm income is as important, if not more important, than farm income.^[1]
Despite the decline in the number of farmers and agriculture's share of GDP since 1960, agricultural output has risen.^[1] As of the early 1990s, Austria was self-sufficient in all cereals and milk products as well as in red meat. This gain was achieved because of the considerable gains in agricultural labor productivity.^[1]
The value of agricultural and forestry output is heavily concentrated in field crops, meat, and dairy products, with most of it coming from animal husbandry.^[1] Because large parts of Austria are mountainous, only the lowland areas of eastern Austria and some smaller flat portions of western and northern Austria are suitable for crop production and more intensive forms of animal husbandry.^[1] The remainder of the land is used for forestry and less intensive animal husbandry, most of which takes advantage of mountain pasturage.^[1]
Qishloq xo'jaligining tuzilishi
Hukumatning qishloq xoʻjaligini qoʻllab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan saʼy-harakatlariga qaramay, 1991-yilga kelib birorta viloyatda aholining 10 foizi qishloq va oʻrmon xoʻjaligi bilan shugʻullanmagan.[1] 1970-yillarning boshlarida ikki viloyatdan tashqari (Vena va Vorarlberg) barcha aholisining 10 foizdan ortigʻi dehqonchilik bilan shugʻullangan.[1] Bu 1934 yildagi vaziyatdan keskin farq qilar edi, o'sha ikki viloyatdan tashqari hamma aholining 30 foizdan ko'prog'i qishloq xo'jaligida ishlagan.[1] Bu ikki avlod davrida Avstriya fermer xo'jaliklari aholisining qisqarishi G'arb dunyosidagi kabi tez bo'ldi.[1]

1990-yillarning boshlariga kelib, Avstriyaning qariyb 84 000 kvadrat kilometrlik umumiy maydonining 67 000 kvadrat kilometri dehqonchilik va o‘rmon xo‘jaligi uchun ishlatilgan.[1] Bu hududning qariyb yarmi o'rmon, qolgan qismi ekin maydonlari va yaylovlar edi.[1]

Qishloq va oʻrmon xoʻjaligi 1986 yilda qariyb 280 ming korxonani tashkil etgan boʻlib, ularning oʻrtacha yer maydoni taxminan yigirma uch gektarni tashkil qilgan.[1] 4500 ga yaqin shirkat xoʻjaligi boʻlgan.[1] Biroq, bu fermer xo'jaliklaridan tashqari, barcha fermerlarning faqat uchdan bir qismi to'la vaqtli fermerlar yoki fermer xo'jaliklari edi.[1] Dehqon xo'jaliklarining yarmidan ko'pi o'n gektardan kichikroq edi; 40 foizga yaqini besh gektardan kichikroq edi.[1] Dehqonlar soni uzoq vaqtdan beri qisqargani kabi, fermer xo'jaliklari soni ham kamaygan.[1]

Ayniqsa, tog‘li hududlarda va mayda fermer xo‘jaliklarida oilaviy mehnat ustunlik qiladi[1]. 1986 yilda barcha qishloq xo'jaligi va o'rmon xo'jaligi korxonalarining faqat uchdan bir qismi to'liq kunlik kasblar sifatida tasniflangan.[1] Bu korxonalarning toʻliq yarmi boʻsh vaqt hisoblanadi, yaʼni uy mehnatining yarmidan kamrogʻi dehqonchilik yoki oʻrmon xoʻjaligiga sarflanadi.[1] Qolganlari yarim kunlik.[1] O'n gektargacha bo'lgan fermer xo'jaliklari ko'pincha to'liq vaqtli fermerlar emas, balki yarim kunlik va bo'sh vaqtli fermerlar tomonidan boqiladi.[1] Aksariyat fermer xo'jaliklari egalari va ishchilari uchun qishloq xo'jaligidan tashqari daromadlar fermerlar daromadidan muhimroq bo'lsa ham muhimroqdir.[1]

1960 yildan buyon dehqonlar soni va qishloq xoʻjaligining yalpi ichki mahsulotdagi ulushi qisqarganiga qaramay, qishloq xoʻjaligi mahsuloti koʻpaydi[1]. 1990-yillarning boshlariga kelib, Avstriya barcha don va sut mahsulotlari, shuningdek, qizil go'sht bilan o'zini o'zi ta'minlaydi. Bu yutuq qishloq xo'jaligi mehnat unumdorligidagi sezilarli o'sishlar tufayli erishildi.[1]

Qishloq va oʻrmon xoʻjaligi mahsulotlarining qiymati asosan dala ekinlari, goʻsht va sut mahsulotlarida jamlangan boʻlib, uning asosiy qismi chorvachilikdan toʻgʻri keladi[1]. Avstriyaning katta qismi tog'li bo'lganligi sababli, faqat Sharqiy Avstriyaning pasttekisliklari va g'arbiy va shimoliy Avstriyaning ba'zi kichikroq tekisliklari o'simlikchilik va chorvachilikning yanada intensiv shakllari uchun mos keladi.[1] Erning qolgan qismi o'rmon xo'jaligi va kam intensiv chorvachilik uchun ishlatiladi, ularning ko'p qismi tog'li yaylovlardan foydalanadi.[1]