Nukus branch of tashkent university of information technologies named after mukhammad al-khwarizmi

NUKUS BRANCH OF TASHKENT UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES NAMED AFTER MUKHAMMAD AL-KHWARIZMI
THE FACULTY OF TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION IN THE SPHERE OF ICT
THE SPECIALITY OF PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
REPORT
on the theme: Satellites and Telecommunications
prepared: Urazimbetva Umida
accepted: Tadjimova Shaxnoza

• Satellites
• Telecommunications
• Satellite communication

Plan

Satellite

A satellite is an object that is deliberately placed in orbit. These objects are called satellites to distinguish them from the Earth’s natural satellites, such as the Moon.
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first satellite, Sputnik 1. Since then, about 8,900 satellites have been launched from more than 40 countries. In 2018, an estimated 5,000 are left in orbit. About 1,900 of them worked, and the rest went beyond their useful life and became space waste. Approximately 63% of operational satellites are in low Earth orbit, 6% in medium Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), 29% in geostationary orbit (at 36,000 km), and the remaining 2% in various elliptical orbits. In terms of the number of satellites with the largest number of satellites, the United States has the largest number of satellites with 2,944 satellites, followed by China with 499 satellites and Russia with 169 satellites.

• Several major space stations, including the International Space Station, have been dismantled and assembled in orbit. More than a dozen space probes were placed in the orbits of other bodies, and the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, several asteroids, comets, and the Sun became satellites.
• Satellites are used for many purposes. Among a number of other applications, they can be used to create star maps and planetary surface maps, as well as to photograph the planets on which they are launched. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites, communication satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and space telescopes. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites.

• Satellites can operate on their own or as part of a larger system, satellite formation, or satellite constellation.
• Satellite orbits have a large range depending on the purpose of the satellite and are classified in several ways. Well-known (similar to each other) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.
• A rocket is a rocket that places a satellite in orbit. Typically, it rises from a landing launch pad. Some are launched into the sea from a submarine or a mobile naval platform or from an airplane (see airflow into orbit).
• Satellites are typically semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems perform many functions, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, relationship management, scientific instruments, communication, and more.

Telecommunications
Telecommunication is a type of communication, a method of transmitting data using electromagnetic signals, such as current through metal cables, radiation in the optical range (in the atmosphere or across an optical fiber cable), radiation. radio range.
The principle of telecommunications is based on the conversion of message signals (sound, text, optical information) into primary electrical signals. In turn, the primary electrical signals are converted by the transmitter into secondary electrical signals, the characteristics of which are well matched to the characteristics of the communication line. In addition, secondary signals are transmitted to the receiver's input via the communication line. At the receiver, the secondary signals are converted into message signals in the form of audio, optical or textual information.
At the end of the 19th century, the development of wireless communication began with the pioneering inventions of Nikola Tesla and Alexander Popov. Other pioneers in this field: Charles Whitston and Samuel Morse (telegraph), Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Edwin Armstrong and Lee de Forest (radio), John Baird, Vladimir Zvorikin, Semyon Kataev (television).
The amount of information transmitted through two-way global networks is constantly increasing. Researchers at the University of Southern California, led by Martin Gilbert, conducted research and analysis on the storage, processing, and transmission of information between 1986 and 2007. In particular, it is known that at that time the total data reserve of all mankind was estimated at about 295 exabytes [1]. Currently, digital storage of information is dominated by analog, although until 2002, humanity stored data mainly in analog form [1]. In 2007, about 1.9 zettabytes of information were transmitted via radio and television (equivalent to about 174 newspapers per person per day), and personal communication between people reached about 65 exabytes (about 6 newspapers per person per day). has to say.)
With this growth, telecommunications are playing an increasingly important role in the development of the global economy. In 2012, the global telecommunications industry sector was worth about $ 4.7 trillion. [2] [3] The largest telecommunications companies in Russia had revenues of more than 1 trillion 240 billion rubles in 2011, [4] accounting for 2.28 percent of Russia's gross domestic product.

• Satellite communication, in telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide.
• Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile reception equipment in aircraft, satellite telephones, and handheld devices.

Satellite communication

• The idea of satellite communication first appeared in the short story "Brick Moon," written by the American priest and writer Edward Everett Hale and published in The Atlantic Monthly magazine in 1869-70. The story describes the construction of a 200-foot (60-meter) diameter brick satellite and its launch into Earth orbit. The brick moon helped sailors navigate as humans sent Morse code signals to Earth by jumping up and down on the surface of the satellite.
• The first practical concept of satellite communications was proposed by Arthur C. Clark, a 27-year-old Royal Air Force officer. Published in the October 1945 issue of Wireless World magazine. Clark, who later became a prolific science fiction writer, suggested that a satellite 35,786 km (22,236 miles) above the Earth's surface move at the same speed as the Earth's rotation. At this altitude, the satellite remains stationary relative to a point on Earth. This orbit is now very suitable for "geostationary orbit" satellite communications, as the ground antenna can be directed to the satellite 24 hours a day without tracking its location. calculated that it could provide radio coverage almost all over the world, with the exception of some polar regions.

The first satellite, Sputnik 1, was successfully launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. With a diameter of only 58 cm (23 inches), Sputnik 1 regularly transmits low-frequency radio signals with four antennas. It orbited the Earth in an elliptical orbit, which took 96.2 minutes to complete. It carried a signal for only 22 days until its battery ran out and was in orbit for only three months, but its launch sparked a space race between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The first satellite to transmit voice signals was launched by a U.S. government project on December 19, 1958, from the Canaveral Cape in Florida to SCORE (Signal Communication via Orbital Relay Equipment). He released a message from the US president conveying "peace on earth and kindness to people everywhere." Dwight D. Eisenhower.
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