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COURSE PAPER
The articulatory classification of vowels
Course work
Scientific supervisor:_______
Tashkent – 2021
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….…3
CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INFORMATION OF ENGLISH VOWELS…......……7
Vowels: features and evolution………………..…….………………………7
1.2. Characteristic features of English Vowels ……...………….…………………...………....11
CHAPTER 2. THE ARTICULATORY ASPECT OF ENGLISH VOWELS……..…………………………………………………..……....………23
Modification of vowels in connected speech. Reduction.………………...24
2.2. Articulatory classification of English vowels….….……………..…….………31
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………...37
THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE…………………………………………….41
INTRODUCTION
This course paper examines the history of the English vocalic system: the goal of this work is to study and explain why and how vowels evolved from Old English to Present-Day English. To begin, the changes in Indo-European and ProtoGermanic languages are briefly discussed, followed by a more in-depth analysis of the changes in Old, Middle, and Modern English until reaching the Present-Day English vowel system. Through this procedure and by comparing research by many professional writers in the field of linguistics, an attempt will be made to demonstrate as clearly as possible the evolution of vowels and how they have become what they are today. Another major goal of this work is to analyze the changes while keeping the articulatory properties of vowels in mind; that is, to have a general understanding of the physiology of the mouth and the movement of its articulators in order to understand how humans form vowels, which include raising or lowering and advancing or retracting the body of the tongue, rounding or not rounding the lips, and producing the movements with tense or lax gestures. Furthermore, various types of sound change are provided to clarify how the linguistic environment affects the vowels, specifically their previous and next sounds. To reinforce and explain the explanations for all of the vowel modifications, several tables and diagrams categorizing and displaying the described adjustments are presented. Furthermore, many examples are supplied to help students understand the modifications and compare them to terms from real English. After investigating the various phases of the English vocalic system, conclusions are drawn about the importance of studying the English vocalic system, the reasons why it has changed – which are diverse (its own internal dynamic structure and the people who speak it), contact with other languages, and the importance of researching this language to learn and interpret its history and literature. As a result, the unusual intricacy of the English vocalic system is concluded, given the difficulty in deciphering its phonological evolution.
It's also worth noting that phonology helps with language learning and understanding. The more one learns about the many sounds used in a language, the more one understands its pronunciation and how it affects other languages. This is an important tool in forensic linguistics. Phonetics at a crime site can assist criminal investigators in determining where the perpetrator was coming from (Avery, Dresher & Rice, 2008).
Phonology is also important since it helps in other professions like as singing. Singing demands the use of a wide range of language sounds. Some melodies include sounds from two or more languages. Understanding the sound patterns of these languages is essential for developing a melody and song.
Vowels are the most important aspect of the English language; but, in our daily lives, as we constantly speak in workplaces or meetings, we make some typical and inconspicuous vowel use blunders. Because we are frequently preoccupied with spelling alone when we speak, we are not careful of our pronunciation; as a result, certain words that begin with a, e, I o, u, are not followed by 'an', and certain words that begin with vowels but are heard as, and should be followed by 'an'. This forum is for you to express and debate your views and ideas on Vowels in order to make them more efficient and valuable to ISC students and viewers.’
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced and are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.
The word vowel comes from the Latin word vocalis, meaning "vocal" (i.e. relating to the voice). In English, the word vowel is commonly used to refer both to vowel sounds and to the written symbols that represent them (a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y).
The traditional view of vowel production, reflected for example in the terminology and presentation of the International Phonetic Alphabet, is one of articulatory features that determine a vowel's quality as distinguishing it from other vowels. Daniel Jones developed the cardinal vowel system to describe vowels in terms of the features of tongue height (vertical dimension), tongue backness (horizontal dimension) and roundedness (lip articulation). These three parameters are indicated in the schematic quadrilateral IPA vowel diagram on the right. There are additional features of vowel quality, such as the velum position (nasality), type of vocal fold vibration (phonation), and tongue root position.
This conception of vowel articulation has been known to be inaccurate since 1928. Peter Ladefoged has said that "early phoneticians... thought they were describing the highest point of the tongue, but they were not. They were actually describing formant frequencies." (See below.) The IPA Handbook concedes that "the vowel quadrilateral must be regarded as an abstraction and not a direct mapping of tongue position."
Nonetheless, the concept that vowel qualities are determined primarily by tongue position and lip rounding continues to be used in pedagogy, as it provides an intuitive explanation of how vowels are distinguished.
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