Competitors. This chapter starts by defining quality, services and service quality. Some essential elements such as the expectations of service, importance of service quality and its benefits are also being highlighted

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Service Quality Example

Literature Review Chapter One: An overview of Service Quality

1.0 Introduction

Nowadays, service quality strategy is an important weapon used to gain a competitive advantage over

competitors. This chapter starts by defining quality, services and service quality. Some essential elements such as

the expectations of service, importance of service quality and its benefits are also being highlighted. It further

stresses the need for handling customer complaints and underlines the role of service failure and recovery.

1.2 Meanings of Quality

Quality is constantly evolving depending on its application techniques used. Quality is a term that is heard almost

everywhere nowadays, from top management business to the small corner shop on the local street to the stall

selling fruits in the market. Quality is perceived as a subjective term which means different things to different

people in different situations.

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According to Joseph M. Juran (1988), quality is defined as “fitness for purpose”. Deming W. Edwards (1982),

another quality guru, described quality as being “a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability at low cost

and suited to the market”. However, “Delighting the customer by fully meeting their needs and expectations” is a

more common definition of quality.

Other definitions of quality are listed below:

· “Quality is a conformance to requirement” (Philip Crosby, 1979)

· “Quality is the customer's opinion” (Armand V Feigenbaum, 2004)

· “Quality is the extent to which the customer or users believe the product or service surpasses their needs and

expectations” (Gitlow et al. , 1989)

The different definitions of “quality” given above are not stating the same thing. Thus, it is possible that one

business concentrates on quality to meet a specified requirement, but this may not satisfy the customer's

expectations. Also, it is possible for a product to be of a degree of excellence but may not fit for purpose, that is,

the definition underlined by Joseph Juran. Simply expressed, all gurus of quality dance around the definition of

quality but none of these definitions stated above is a complete statement of what is meant by quality.

1.3 Importance of Quality

The concept of quality is currently so widely used by organisations that it is no longer just an advantage to adopt it

but a must for survival. Increased globalisation leads to increased competitive pressures. Therefore, businesses

are forced to do their best to be more efficient, more up-to-date with the changing technologies and at the same

time to be responsive to the markets. Dale (2003) stresses the importance of quality in that it increases

productivity, followed by enhanced performance in the marketplace and improves overall business performance.

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According to Armand Feigenbaum (2004), quality is considered to be the single most important force resulting in

organisational success and growth in both national and international markets. Competition nowadays is fiercer as

existing competitors need to improve their offerings while new and low cost competitors emerge in the

marketplace (Dale, 2003). Consequently, businesses are required to understand the great significance of quality

and try to indulge in continuous and sustainable quality improvements in order to survive.

Quality is a key aspect that plays a great role for both goods and services providing enterprises. More specifically,

quality and its management have turned out to be progressively significant in pursuing business excellence,

superior performance and market supremacy.

But why quality in service? This is because organisations face challenges such as meeting customer requirements

while remaining economically competitive. Services are labour intensive even today. There is not any substitute

for high quality personal interaction between service employees and customers. Thus, quality practices need to

be implemented by the service enterprises to identify problems quickly and systematically, establish valid and

reliable service performance measures and measure customer satisfaction.

1.4 Services

The new catch-all word “services” is making its rounds in the industry in the last decade. Indeed, the role of

services in the world economy has increased considerably within the last ten years, particularly in developed

nations. According to Jiang and Rosenbloom (2005), the shifting of the economy in industrialised countries from

goods to services is considered to be one of the most essential long-term trends in the business world today. In

fact, the service sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in the USA nowadays, accounting for over 75% of the

increase in the GNP (Gross National Product) in the last decade.

Regan (1963) brought in the idea of services being “activities, benefits or satisfactions which are offered for sale,

or are provided in connection with the sale of goods”. As human beings, we consume services in our everyday life

such as switching on the television, talking on mobile phones and using emails. Economies of the world are

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becoming more and more services based. Some activities such as banking, construction, tourism, accounting and

hairdressing can be easily identified. Organisation goals can be achieved by knowing the needs and wants of

target markets and thus delivering the appropriate and desired service better than competitors.

According to Zeithaml et al. (1990), customers are considered to be the only judge of service. However, it is often

difficult for customers to predict satisfaction and evaluate service prior to purchase and consumption and hence,

they are more likely to look for information before purchasing services than goods This may be mostly due to the

fact that services, in contrast to goods, are commonly said to derive from the four characteristics namely

intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability.

However, some authors have argued that services are not fundamentally different from goods and have also

reported that no pure goods or services exist in today's marketplace (McDougall et al. , 1990; cited by Stell et al. ,

1996). This stream of thought puts forward that the service/good dichotomy is such that consumers can purchase

either a good or service to fulfill their needs. For instance, when consumers need to have their documents copied,

they may buy a personal copy machine (a good) or go to a copy center (a service). In these circumstances, services

may compete directly with goods (Dholakia and Venkatraman, 1993). So, instead of identifying differences,

marketing strategy should be based on the similarities between services and physical goods in relation to the

characteristics of the total market offering.

1.4.1 Services in Retail Industry

Organisations must be able to identify their most important customers and prospect and at the same time

integrating customer insights and powerful analytics into retail decision-making. Thus, this can drive high

performance throughout the business. Evidence suggests that services business customers tend to remain with

the same service provider if they are continually and continuously satisfied (Hong and Goo, 2004). The building

and maintenance of such relationships can attain better financial performance, customer trust, commitment and

satisfaction (Hsieh et al, 2002).

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In order to achieve high performance in the retail industry, there are several attributes that retailers should strive

towards to guarantee success and outperform their competitors. They have to excel in areas such as being

customer focus, being continuously innovative, establishing a performance-oriented culture and improving the

distribution channel. All these add a new dimension of competition.

1.5 Definition of Service Quality

Service quality has drawn attention of researchers in recent decades (Zeithaml, 2000). Nevertheless, since there is

not a universally accepted definition for service quality, many different meanings exist. For instance, Czepiel

(1990) portrays service quality as customers' perception of how well a service meets or exceeds their expectations

whereas Bitner, Booms and Mohr (1994, p. 97) define service quality as “the consumer's overall impression of the

relative inferiority or superiority of the organisation and its services”. Zeithaml et al. (1996) depict service quality

as “the delivery of excellent or superior service relative to customer expectations”.

While other researchers (for example, Cronin and Taylor, 1994) view service quality as a form of attitude

representing a long-run evaluation in general, Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985, p. 48) define service

quality as “a function of the differences between expectation and performance along the quality dimensions”.

Indeed, this has appeared to be consistent with Roest and Pieters' (1997) definition that service quality is a

relativistic and cognitive discrepancy between experience-based norms and performances concerning service

benefits.

As for Gronroos (1983), service quality is viewed as the accomplishment of customers' expectations whereas

Parasuraman et al. (1985) define it as the gap between customers' expectations, in terms of service, and their

perception developed by the actual service experience. That is, service quality is an attitude that results from the

comparison of expected service levels with perceived performance.

Furthermore, Parasuraman et al. (1985) have reported that outstanding service is a profitable strategy as it results

in more new customers, fewer lost customers, more business with existing customers, more insulation from price

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competition and fewer mistakes requiring the re-performance of services. Accordingly, by offering superior

service quality, a firm is liable to become more profitable and at the same time to sustain a competitive edge in

their served markets.

Evidently, superior service quality is a strategic weapon aiming to attract more customers. Lassar et al. (2000)

believe that service quality is a significant sign of customer satisfaction and thus delivering superior service quality

is a strategy that eventually leads to success.

1.5.1 Service Quality in Retailing

With the rapid development in the retail industry nowadays, understanding of retail service quality and identifying

determinants of retail service quality has become strategic importance for retailers. By satisfying customers

through high quality service, firms not only retain their current customers, but at the same time, their market

share also increases. (Finn and Lamb, 1991; cited by Nguyen, 2007)

According to numerous marking researchers (for example, Berry, 1986; Reichheld & Sasser, 1990; Dabholkar et al.,

1996; NcGoldrick, 2002), the offer and supply of high quality service is often perceived to be of fundamental

importance in retailing.

In the retail context, when customers evaluate retail service, they compare their perceptions of the service they

receive with that of their expectations. Customers are seemed to be satisfied only when the perceived service

meets or even exceeds their expectations. However, they are dissatisfied when they feel that the service falls

below their expectations (Levy and Weitz, 2005).

To date, Parasuraman et al. (1988) believe that many studies on service quality relied on service quality construct

and scale. Nevertheless, Kaul (2005) and Dabholkar et al. (1996) argue that this application to the retail industry

may not be appropriate for service quality in retailing industry as the latter seems to be different from other

services. In retail setting, where there is a mix of product and service, retailers are prone to have impact on

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service quality more than on product quality (Dabholkar et al. , 1996). Hence, since retailers can create such

effects, service quality plays a significant strategic role in creating quality perceptions.

1.6 Customer Expectations of Service

According to Parasuraman et al (1993), understanding customer expectations is a must for delivering superior

and value-added service. Customers have the tendency to compare their perceptions with that of expectations

when judging a service. They are satisfied only when the service they have received is the same or exceeds what

they expected. Lewis (1991) define expectations as the desires or wants of consumers and what they believe a

product or service should offer, which are formed on the basis of previous experience with a company, its

competitors and the marketing mix inputs. Thus, identifying what a customer expects is the prime step in

delivering high quality of customer service.

1.6.1 Determinants of Customer Expectations of service

Berry and Parasuraman (1993) have developed a complete model of customer expectations and have given their

opinions through two levels namely desired and adequate expectations and the zone of tolerance in the middle

which separates them (refer to Figure 1.3). This model shows the different factors that affect these three features.

Desired service is that level of service which a customer expects to receive from a service firm. In fact, it is a blend

of what the customer considers ‘can be' and ‘should be'. It is believed to result from six sources namely, enduring

service intensifiers, personal needs, explicit service promises, implicit service promises, word-of-mouth and past

experience.

Conversely, adequate service level is related to which the customer finds acceptable. It is based on the customer's

appraisal of what the service ‘will be'. It is influenced by five factors such as transitory service intensifiers,

perceived service alternatives, customer self-perceived service role, situational factors and predicted service.

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Berry and Parasuraman (1993) describe a tolerance zone as “a range of service performance that a customer

considers satisfactory”. This concept assumes that customers have expectations of a service attribute on the two

given levels which have been discussed above. If the real experiences of a customer fall in the zone of tolerance,

then the perceived quality is regarded as good.

Understanding the different sources of customer expectations can therefore help managers to perceive correctly

what their customers want and expect. They can then put emphasis on the services elements that they can

control and deliver the services they have promised. Hence, this model can serve as a valuable diagnostic tool to

boost up the overall level of perceived service quality (Kettinger and Lee, 2005).Yet, one of the perplexing issues

confronting service businesses is how to measure quality service perceptions of existing and potential customers

since many of these factors are uncontrollable and also expectations differ from customer to customer and,

possibly, from one situation to the next for the same customer (Young et al. , 1994).

Why is Service Quality Important?

Across all service industries, service quality remains a critical issue as businesses strive to maintain a comparative

advantage over their competitors in the marketplace (Kandampully et al., 1999). As a result, the environment of

service organisations is more and more competitive. Ghobatian et al. (1994) point out that “customers are the

lifeblood of any business” and “service quality can be the means to win and keep customers”.

Actually, in today's aggressive environment, the pursuit of service quality is believed to be the most important

strategic weapon in achieving a sustainable differential advantage within the global marketplace (Devlin et al.,

2000). More importantly, it is conceded that companies that excel in high quality service as perceived by their

customers, tend to be the most profitable ones. On the other hand, poor service has been classified as the prime

cause for customers switching to competitors (Ghobatian et al., 1994).

It is often observed that organisations providing a sophisticated level of service, try to go beyond just satisfying

their customers. “They emphasise the need to ‘delight' them by providing them more than what is required. They

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also now talk about winning customers” (Dale, 2003). The latter highlights some customer service facts and

indicates why service quality is crucial for a firm. (See Appendix A)

While focusing on the increased importance of service quality, it is also essential to assess the related benefits

and costs. Lewis (1991) has underlined some benefits when adopting a quality service strategy such as customer

satisfaction and customer retention, loyalty, expanded market share, enhanced firm's reputation, improvement in

employee morale, low staff turnover, increased productivity, less mistakes, lower costs, high revenues, increased

financial performance, high revenues and positive word-of-mouth.

On the other hand, Crosby (1979) has identified the costs of poor quality which are related due to lack of

responsiveness to customers, low morale of employees, dissatisfied customers and unfavorable word-of-mouth

communication. Hence, it is important for businesses to clearly anticipate that service quality is the basic

prerequisite for continuous success.

1.7 Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction

In a competitive business environment where organisations compete for customers, customer satisfaction is

perceived as a key differentiator and increasingly has become a primary element of business strategy (Carl D.

McDaniel, 2005). Customers are the foremost decision makers in any marketing effort. They opt for a service

offering that adds value to them and optimises their satisfaction.

Many researchers such as Brady and Robertson (2001) and Lovelock, Patterson and Walker (2001) conceptualise

customer satisfaction as an individual's feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from judging against a

product's perceived performance with respect to his or her expectations. But, Westbrook and Oliver (1981) make

use of the confirmation-disconfirmation theory to better explain the meaning of customer satisfaction. This

paradigm states that customers assess their levels of satisfaction by comparing their actual experiences with that

of their previous experiences, expectations, and perceptions of the product's performance.

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Parasuraman et al. (1994) mention that customer satisfaction is a key consequence of service quality and thus, it

can determine the long term success of a service organisation. In the same vein, Oliver (1980) points out that

customer satisfaction is affected by customer expectation or anticipation prior to obtaining a service and can be

approximated by the following equation:

Customer Satisfaction = Perception of Performance - Expectations

Based on the above equation, Parasuraman et al. (1994) devise that a service provider can boost up overall

customer satisfaction by either improving customer perceptions of a service or by lowering their expectations of

it. If a service firm fails to respect this equation, then, this may dissatisfy the customer at the time and, in turn, will

result in his or her switching to alternative service firms (McCollough, Berry, and Yadav, 2000; Roos, 1999). Thus,

this equation is a valuable tool and a clear reminder that both factors, perceptions and expectations of customer

satisfaction need to be managed and controlled by the service provider.

An analysis of the literature on the relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality has received a

widely held view among researches. Caruana and Malta (2002) point out by mentioning that service quality is an

important input to customer satisfaction. Zeithaml et al. (1996) share the same line of thought by suggesting that

a customers' relationship with a company is strengthened when that customer makes a positive appraisal about

the company's service quality and is weakened when a customer makes negative assessments about the

company's service quality. They argue that favourable assessment of service quality will result in favourable

behavioral intentions like “praise for the company” and expressions of preference for the company over other

companies. Thus, implying that there is a positive relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction.

However, the relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality has been criticised for not being

inter-related by many researches. For instance, Iacobucci et al. (1995) identify that the vast majority of articles

attempting to scrutinise this inter-relationship have been of a non-empirical nature. Similarly, Anderson and

Fornell (1994) point out that the literature is not very clear about the distinction between quality and satisfaction.

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Satisfaction is a “post consumption” experience which judges perceived quality against expected quality, whereas

service quality refers to a global evaluation of an organisation's service delivery system (Anderson and Fornell,

1994; Parasuraman et al., 1985). Hence, Dabholkar et al. (2000) suggest that it is recommended that customer

satisfaction should be measured separately from service quality so as to understand how customers evaluate

service performance.

1.8 Service Quality and Customer trust

The trust that customers have in service organisations is an important concern for customer relationship

managers. Existing research has accentuated the significance of trust and its implications for driving profitable

and long-lasting customer relationships (Garbarino and Johnson, 1999; Morgan and Hunt, 1999). Practitioners and

researchers have repeatedly emphasised the importance of service quality which enable firms to build stable and

trusting relationships with customers (Grönroos, 1983; Rust, Moorman, and Dickson, 2002; Zeithaml, Berry, and

Parasuraman, 1996).

Recent evidence highlights that there exists a positive relationship between service quality and trust (Chiou and

Droge, 2006; Sharma and Patterson, 1999). To reinforce this notion, a firm that consistently meets or exceeds the

expectations of customers will cultivate more trusting relationships with its customers. The courteous, caring, and

responsive employee behaviours that are characteristic of service quality will inspire confidence in customers,

particularly in retail outlets and thus will introduce a sense of trust for the retail store in customers (Weisinger,

1998). These related factors of service quality eventually contribute to the development of trust, and trust starts

to develop as the customers experience positive service interactions and obtain benefits from this personal

interaction. Consequently, the higher the service quality, the stronger is customer trust in an organisation.

1.9 Service Quality and Customer Loyalty

The main aim of leading service organisations is to maintain a superior quality of service in an effort to gain

customer loyalty. Coupled with this, Zeithaml (1996) believes that a service firm's long term success in a market is

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essentially determined by its ability to expand and maintain a large and loyal customer base. Buttle and Burton

(2002) simply describe customer loyalty as “a customer who continues to buy is a loyal customer”.

Boulding et al. (1993) find that there is a positive relationship between service quality and customer loyalty, that

is, customers having the repurchase intentions and the willingness to recommend. Sharing the same line of

thought, Zeithaml et al. (1990) also report a positive relationship, thereby, customers willingly pay a price

premium and intend to remain loyal in case of a price increase. However, Johnson et al. (2001) point out that this

positive relationship varies between products, industries, and situations.

On the other hand, some researchers argue that it has remained unclear whether or not there is a direct

relationship between service quality and loyalty. In the study done by Cronin and Taylor (1992), service quality did

not appear to have a significant or positive effect on customer loyalty. Similarly, Bloemer et al. (1999) mention that

this relationship has remained relatively underdeveloped.

1.10 Handling customer complaints

The phenomenon of customer complaints is considered as an area of great significance for businesses,

particularly where organisations are increasingly recognising the value of pursuing long-term relationships with

customers. Tax and Brown (1998) identify that only 5-10% of customers who are dissatisfied actually complain.

Hence, it is imperative for organisations to encourage their customers to voice their dissatisfaction by providing

communication facilities such as customer service desks. However, Blancero and Johnson (2001) argue that

customer complaints could result in negative reactions from employees, which may in turn reduce service quality.

But complaints can have a positive impact as well. It is an excellent opportunity for an organisation when

receiving complaints in order to restore customer confidence and to capitalise on this feedback for helping in

organisational improvements (Johnston, 2001; Ramsey, 2003). When focusing on handling customer complaints, it

should include adequacy or fairness of the outcome, access to the organisation contact points, friendliness,

empathy, active feedback, and speed of response (Stauss, 2002).

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1.11 Service Failure and Recovery

The retail industry involves a high degree of interaction between employees and consumers and as a result,

provides many opportunities for service failures to crop up. According to Michel (2001), service failures include

those circumstances when a service fails to live up to the customer's expectations. Some consequences of service

failures are dissatisfaction, negative word-of-mouth (Mattila, 2001), decrease in customer confidence and a

decline in employee morale and performance (Boshoff and Leong, 1998).

When service failure occurs, then service providers have to take actions to recover which gives rise to service

recovery. Miller et al. (2000) describe service recovery as the actions takes to problems, change negative attitudes

of dissatisfied customers and to ultimately retain these customers. Examples of recovery efforts consist of price

discounts, improved services, refunds, free products or services, apologies, and acknowledgment of the problem

(Kelley et al. , 1993).

1.12 Summary of the Literature Review

This chapter has provided a general idea on service quality. It has started by providing an overview of services and

quality with emphasis in the retailing industry. In addition, customer expectations, customer trust, loyalty and

customer satisfaction have also been discussed. Undoubtedly, in the service quality literature, service quality is

proven to provide many benefits to organisations.

Literature Review Chapter Two: Related Concepts of Service Quality

2.0 Introduction

In this chapter, service quality and its related concepts have been explored. They are as follows: The dimensions

of service quality including SERVQUAL, Gap analysis, the three dimensions of Lehtinen and Lehtinen and the

Perceived service quality model. Besides, the difficulties in measuring service quality as well as a critical review of

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the concept of service quality have also been identified

2.1 Dimensions of Service Quality

Service quality is not a singular but rather it is a multidimensional phenomenon (Ghobatian et al, 1993). Without

doubt, the identification of the quality dimensions to measure is of fundamental necessity as customers base

their views about service on these dimensions (Kunst and Lemmink, 1996). Various writers and researchers have

suggested a number of dimensions of service quality.

For instance, Lehtinen and Lehtinen (1982) identify three dimensions for service quality which are physical quality

(tangible aspects of service), corporate quality (company image and reputation) and interactive quality (two-way

flow between customers and personnel). They also argue that it is important to differentiate between the output

quality of service and the quality associated with the process of service delivery.

Indeed, service quality is being perceived as a multidimensional concept. Grönroos (1984) point out that service

quality comprises of three global dimensions:

· The technical quality which refers to what is delivered or what the customer gets from the service. For example,

for a retail store, technical quality may consist of the range of products offered and the availability of parking

space.

· The functional quality, that is, the way in which the service is delivered or how it is delivered. For example,

customers of a retail store will assess whether the salespersons are friendly or whether products are easily

returnable.

· The corporate image has to do with how consumers perceive the firm and is built by mainly both technical and

functional quality and to some extent other factors such as the traditional marketing activities (pricing,

advertising).

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Unlike Grönroos (1984) who uses the global measure of service quality, Parasuraman et al. (1985) argue that the

criteria used by consumers to evaluate service quality fits ten dimensions: reliability, responsiveness, competence,

courtesy, communication, credibility, security, access, tangibles and understanding/knowing the customer. Later,

after having carried out successive research, analysis and testing, Parasuraman et al. (1988) refine the dimensions

into only five dimensions namely:

* Tangibles: the appearance of physical facilities, personnel, communication materials and condition of

equipment.

* Reliability: the ability to perform the promised service on time dependably and accurately.

* Responsiveness: the willingness to help customers, to deal effectively with complaints and provide prompt

service.

* Assurance: the employees' knowledge and courtesy and their ability to convey trust and confidence.

* Empathy: The level of caring, individualised attention provided to the customers.

2.1.1 SERVQUAL Model

Based on these five dimensions above, the SERVQUAL instrument has been developed. This particular instrument

which is originally developed by A. Parasuraman, Valarie A. Zeithaml and L.L. Berry in 1988, measures service

quality through customer opinions. They point out that SERVQUAL essentially comprises of two sections. The first

section basically questions customers' expectations, while the second part measures customers' perceptions. The

gap between the expected service and perceived service is measured using the SERVQUAL together with its five

underlying dimensions of service quality (tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy). The

SERVQUAL incorporates 22 items in each of the two sections which are sub-items of the predefined five

dimensions (refer to Appendix B).

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According to Zeithaml et al. (2006), SERVQUAL has been creatively used in multiple service contexts. Indeed,

Parasuraman et al. (1988) suggest that the instrument is applicable across a wide variety of services. In the same

line, Getz et al. (2001) put forward that SERVQUAL has been broadly used in a variety of service industries. They

also point out that it is a helpful tool comprising of potential applications in assessing effectively consumers'

expectations and perceptions of service quality.

Despite the fact that SERVQUAL is the most well known instrument for service quality, it has been criticised from

several researchers. Cronin and Taylor (1992) claim that there are deficiencies in both the conceptualisation and

operationalisation of service quality in the SERVQUAL model. Buttle (1996) criticises on the dimensionality of the

SERVQUAL scale, especially to the number of dimensions and their stability from contexts to contexts. He also

states that the dimensions are not universal. Following the same line of thought, Bahia and Nantel (2000) declare

that this model emphasises only on service/product dimension and neglects other dimensions of the marketing

mix.

As a result, other methods of measurement being both qualitative and quantitative have been suggested. For

instance, Cronin and Taylor (1992) have developed an alternative measure for service quality, that is, the

SERVPERF model. Smith (1995) has proposed other methods such as critical indent method, customer satisfaction

index, simple grades, protocol analysis and conjoint analysis.

Nevertheless, even though there is the existence of these measures, SERVQUAL has been declared to be a

predominant and sound instrument of service quality measurement. According to Lewis, Orledge and Mitchell

(1994), SERVQUAL may be a helpful management tool to track service quality trends over time, help managers to

identify where performance improvement is more needed and compare a firm with its competitors. Parasuraman

et al. (1988) argue that the instrument is both a valid and reliable measure of service quality and can be adapted

to any service organisations with some modifications.

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2.1.2 Gap Analysis Model

The Gap Analysis Model has been developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry (1985) which serves as a

framework for service firms attempting to improve quality service. The conceptual model identifies five gaps. It

suggests that the measurement of service quality revolves around the gap between consumer expectations and

perceptions (Gap 5) and that in turn relies on four other gaps associated with the delivery of service (refer to

figure 2.2).

* Gap 1: Customer' expectations versus management perceptions:

When management formulates service delivery policies, it does not correctly perceive or interpret the customer

expectations, that is, not knowing what customer expects.

* Gap 2: Management perceptions versus service quality specifications:

The difference between management's perceptions of customer expectations and the service quality

specifications, that is, not selecting the right service designs and standards

* Gap 3: Service quality specifications versus service delivery:

The gap between actual service quality specifications and the delivery of those specifications to customer service

actually delivered, that is, not delivering the service standards.

* Gap 4: Service delivery versus external communications:

The difference between the services delivered to customers and the communications to consumers about the

service delivery, that is, not matching performance to promises.

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* Gap 5: the discrepancy between customer expectations and their perceptions on service

delivery:

This gap relies on the size and direction of the four gaps associated with the delivery of service quality on the

marketer's side.

Since this model is externally focused, there is a potential to help management in identifying pertinent service

quality factors from the perspective of the customer. Parasuraman et al. (1988) mention that the existence of one

or more of the above gaps in service firms will cause quality problems. So, organisations should aim to identify

any existing gaps and develop strategies to minimise or even eliminate them so as to improve service quality.

2.2 Retail Service Quality Scale

Another dimension which is the Retail Service Quality Model (RSQS) is specially designed to measure service

quality in the retail industry. This model has been originated by Dabholkar et al. (1996). It composes of 5

dimensions:

Physical aspects - retail store layout and its appearance

Reliability - retailers keep their promises and always do the right things

Personal interaction - personnel are courteous, helpful, and inspire confidence in customers

Problem solving - personnel are capable to handle customers' problems and complaints

Policy - policies on merchandise quality, operation hours, parking, and credit cards

However, after conducting a study, Kim et al. (2001) point out that the dimensionality of service quality of this

particular model is not universal across industries or across countries. In line with this thinking, Kaul (2003) also

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finds that RSQS dimensions are not valid in some countries.

2.3 A Critical Review of Service Quality

Although many models have been presented and discussed, there are some limitations in the present research

that need to be highlighted. Firstly, one of the early impediments to research on service quality is due to the lack

of valid and reliable measures of the construct (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry, 1985). As a result, attempts to

capture perceived service quality are viewed as haphazard and sloppy.

Besides, Edvardsson and Gustavsson (1991) point out that the frames of analysis is restricted to service quality as

perceived by the customer only. Therefore, in order to gain a better understanding of what service quality is, it is

advisable to consider the service processes not only in the service encounter but also within the organisation. In

this circumstance, the concepts of internal services and internal customers should be given equal importance as

external services and customers.

One of the most intriguing questions asked by Edvardsson and Gustavsson (1991) is that when measuring service

quality why there is a comparison only between the service expected and that perceived by end customers. So far,

no consideration is given to the various references a customer might have for judging service quality in general.

Another argument is that there is the neglect of the cost and price aspects when it concerns service quality

(Grönroos, 1982; Parasuraman et al., 1985). Researchers have to relate cost and errors when assessing service

quality as they both form part in the internal and external service of production (Edvardsson and Gustavsson,

1991). The latter also point out that when judging perceived service in relation to expected service, the price of the

service is too often ignored. Because of reason, service quality must be analysed in a given context since it is

multidimensional.

Hence, in light of all these, further investigations must be allocated in the service quality literature and they need

to be adjusted where they are most needed for possible use in the service operations.

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2.4 Summary of Literature Review

This chapter has dealt with the different concepts of service quality, that is, the dimensions of service quality that

are used by customers when evaluating service quality. It includes the SERVQUAL model, gap analysis model and

the retail service quality scale. Ultimately, some limitations in the present research have also been discussed so as

to provide a better direction for a more consistent and complete research.

3.0 Introduction

This chapter starts by defining retailing and the growing importance of the retailing industry. Besides, the

relevance and application of service quality have also been analysed in the retailing context, showing that, service

quality is indeed an important asset that should be taken care of.

3.1 What is Retailing?

Retailing has always been a very competitive industry in which an effective cost control and high degree of

innovation are indispensable to success. Indeed, Bobbitt and Dabholkar (2001) state that retailers are

progressively considering innovative options for delivering service to their customers.

According to Auzenne, George R (2006), retailing can be defined as the exchange of money for goods and services

and it is the heartbeat of an economy. In light of this, Snuggs Thelma (2003) highlights that retailing can also be

defined as the timely delivery of goods and services demanded by consumers at the right price and place. He also

mentions that regardless of whether a company sells to consumers in a store, over the phone, through the mail,

door to door or through vending machine, it is retailing. Some well-known stores in the world are Wal mart, Tesco,

Asda and Safeway.

Nowadays, the creation of a pleasant environment for shopping has become a competitive retailing strategy in

order to enhance consumer experience in the retail outlet and at the same time attracting consumers to the retail

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setting (Frasquet et al., 2002). That is why many companies provide a good service that may in turn encourage

customers to return which eventually may entail enhancing the shopping experience to make it more enjoyable,

relaxing, and rewarding (Newman Andrew et al., 2002).

3.2 Service Quality and Retailing

The retail industry has definitely not been exempted from rising consumer expectations of quality. Coupled with

this thinking, Dabholkar et al. (1996) mentions that the retail service environment is equipped with sophisticated

and demanding customers who have higher levels of expectations from service providers. Hence, the delivery of

high service quality needs to be treated as the basic retailing strategy.

Mehta et al. (2000) identify some determinants of retail service quality which include high quality merchandise,

parking facilities, convenient operating hours, acceptance of major credit cards, and store's own credit card. They

also point out that when referring to service quality, it also includes the product quality as retail stores offer a mix

of services and products. This view is shared by Brady and Cronin (2001), who state that evaluation of quality of

service should include evaluation on the performance of the physical goods offered to customers.

Following the same line of thought, Babin and Attaway (2000) mention that accessibility of the shopping

environment and parking facilities are features of service quality and this can affect consumers' attraction to the

shopping environment. Indeed, Santos (2002) highlights that the tangibility aspects of a service have a significant

effect on perceived service quality. Specifically, the physical environment plays a vital role in the service encounter

of the retailing industry (Keillor et al., 2004). The importance of physical environment in a service setting is due to

its ability to influence consumer attitudes (Koernig, 2003).

Besides, Babin et al. (2003) propose that retailers must use colour combined with lighting as they believe that this

will “affect consumers' cognitive representation and affective reaction”. Moreover, a light and pleasing scent

affects shoppers' perceptions of a shopping environment in which the latter will have a major effect on shoppers'

mood (Chebat and Michon, 2003). In light of this, Santos (2002) suggests that the retail outlet should include a

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good spatial layout, signs, symbols, music, temperature and artifacts. All these play an important role in

determining buyers' perceptions on service quality.

Furthermore, Uusitalo (2001) argues that the store size also can be used as a basis of categorisation for shoppers'

evaluation of a store's service quality. Indeed, different sizes of firms are said to have several critical differences

(Youssef et al., 2002; cited by Khalidah Abu, 2004). Small stores are perceived to provide personal contact, extra

attention and care, personal customer service and interpersonal relations (Uusitalo, 2001; cited by Khalidah Abu,

2004). However, Moreira (2003) argues that smaller stores are viewed negatively as having crammed spaces,

expensive products, product run outs, excessive profiteering and narrow product range.

Similarly, Arnold and Luthra (2000) mention that larger stores tend to offer lower prices, present more efficient

climatically-controlled shopping area, and more consistency in its service offering. In line with this thinking, Klemz

and Boshoff (2001) point out that larger stores provide convenience as large amounts of goods can be purchased

during one shopping trip at reasonable prices in an air conditioning environment and provide ample parking at

the same time.

3.2.1 Service Quality and Features

Some researchers have looked at various service quality variables and the features contributing to this service

quality. They are as follows:

* The store location should be convenient (Spiller et al., 2006; Nguyen et al., 2007)

* The store operating time should be convenient (Wong and Sohal, 2003)

* Availability of sufficient space for parking is available (Wong and Sohal, 2003; Abubakar et al., 2001)

* Cleanliness of the store should be considered as high priority (Abubakar et al., 2001)

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* Products should be stacked in proper manner (Nguyen et al., 2007; Sivadas and Baker-Prewitt, 2000)

* Soft ambience (Air conditioning, music) (Spiller et al., 2006; Abubakar et al., 2001)

* Shop floor should be very spacious (Nguyen et al., 2007; Wong and Sohal, 2003)

* Products expected must be available at all times (Nguyen et al., 2007; Abubakar et al., 2001)

* Availability of sufficient product range (Nguyen et al., 2007; Abubakar et al., 2001)

* Ease to locate products (Nguyen et al., 2007)

* Products should be of good quality (Spiller et al. , 2006; Abubakar et al., 2001)

* Helpful staff (Nguyen et al., 2007; and Sivadas and Baker-Prewitt, 2000)

* Staff should be presentable (Parasuraman et al., 1988; and Wong and Sohal, 2003)

* Mode of payment should be flexible (Wong and Sohal, 2003)

Thus, it is clear from the literature that there are many variables that affect the choice of both the retailers and

the customers. All these factors stated above fall under the umbrella of a complex interacting system that shapes

customers' expectations, satisfactions, and inferences about product and service quality and ultimately, play a

vital role in determining buying patterns.

3.3 The Retail Service Mix

The vital role of retailer is to present the right goods to the consumer, at the right place and time (Mishra Anil et

al., 2008). However, in today's competitive world, how does a retailer inform the customers about the different

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products that he has on offer. How does he lure them to visit and shop at his store only? Thus, he has to make

use of the retail service mix notion. (refer to Figure 3.1). Moreover, some retailers normally provide loyalty cards,

different forms of credit and flexible times of shopping in order to differentiate themselves with competitors

(McGoldrick, 2002).

Source: McGoldrick, P.J. (2002), Retail Marketing, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, pp.499.

3.4 Summary of Literature Review

In a nutshell, the service quality strategy serves as a differentiation tool to gain competitive advantage in a

dynamic retailing environment. It is achieved by a proper management of the retail service mix consisting of

different elements such as customer satisfaction, quality of service and services offered.

Chapter Four: Company Profile: Jumbo Score

4.0 Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of retailing in Mauritius with a special focus on Jumbo Score. Its current

strategy and future goals and objectives have also been underlined. A swot analysis of this retail outlet is being

carried out in order to analyse its capabilities. Besides, a brief outline on the actual service quality of Jumbo Score

has also been discussed.

4.1 Overview of Mauritian Retailing Industry

The retail environment in Mauritius has undergone an incessant and marked change over decades. This change is

due to the increased standard of living of people who are demanding for more sophisticated and quicker ways to

shop.

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In the 19th Century, the history of retailing sector started due to the emergence of traditional shops which were

introduced by Chinese traders. They offered credit facilities to their customers which were recorded in a notebook

known as “carnet ration”. Over the years, this traditional shop has been known as “La Boutik Sinois” all over the

country.

Then, in the 1950s, came another retail format known as the cooperative stores. Their main aim was to protect

the consumers and to sell good quality consumer goods.

There was a milestone in the retailing sector in the 1970s. Self service stores entered the retailing scene by

providing foodstuffs, groceries, fruits, vegetables, meat and bread. In fact, Prusinic was the first store to start the

notion of self-service. Shoppers were allowed to walk all around the big shop, examined and chose their articles

themselves. This made this type of stores gained an instantaneous success in Mauritius.

Afterward, a new retailing format in the form of hypermarkets made its appearance in Mauritius. Le Continent

was the first hypermarket here. Accompanied with it, came other supermarkets such as WINNER'S and GSR

(Grandes Surfaces Reunies) group.

Nowadays, other hypermarkets such as Super U, Kaddy-Plus, LoLo and Smart are dominating the retail

environment in Mauritius at providing distinctive facilities which have made them sustained successfully and

continuously.

4.2 Jumbo Score in Mauritius

4.2.1 Future Goals and Objectives

This retail outlet aims:

* To become market leader in the retailing industry

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* To provide value for money shopping to consumers

* To further increase its sales turnover

4.2.2 Present Strategy

Jumbo Score adopts various strategies in order to survive in this competitive business environment. For instance,

at the corporate level, it has engaged in a strategic alliance with the supermarket SPAR with the aim to retain

market leadership.

It also concentrates on cost leadership strategy in order to achieve competitive advantage. Besides, Jumbo Score

adopts an active promotional strategy by having regular sales promotions. Thus, this strategy is in line with its

objectives to increase sales turnover.

4.3 SWOT Analysis

Table 4.1: SWOT analysis of Jumbo Score

4.4 Service Quality at Jumbo Score

Gift wrapping

Customer complaints

Banking services

Free parking

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4.5 Summary

There has been a huge change which has emerged in the retail landscape. The small and traditional mode of

retailing has been replaced with large shopping complexes and hypermarkets, which not only provide better and

easy shopping but also enhanced facilities and entertainment. This chapter also explores the swot analysis of

Jumbo Score and the current quality of service it offers.

5.0 Introduction

This chapter discusses how the study has been conducted, and it deals with the techniques used for collecting the

relevant data. Research is basically an inquiry process that embraces the components for collective inquiry,

research design, methodology, data collection and analysis of the findings (Juznic & Urbanija, 2003). In order to

collect valid and reliable data, the survey has been undertaken in a disciplined and systematic manner, using the

following steps (Saunders et al., 2003).

5.1 Formulate Research Problem

It is important to note that the definition and formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solution.

Indeed, the motto ‘a problem well stated is a problem half solved' is worth remembering. The problem here is

that the escalating competition in the retailing industry has made customers aggressive in their demand for

superior quality.

As such, in order to ensure survival, it has become important for retail outlets like Jumbo Score to keep its

customers satisfied by providing quality service. Also, as it is generally recognised that it takes time and money to

attract each and every new customer, hence, keeping customers satisfied will ensure a lasting cash flow for the

business.

This survey aims to achieve a better understanding of the existing service at Jumbo Score. Its main aim is to

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assess the quality of customer service in order to reach customer requirements and achieve better results. From

the store layout, display of products, personnel and parking services, customer service remains a significant

concern for the retailing industry.

5.1.1 Research Objectives

There is a need to define clearly the objectives in a survey, and it is important that each question should relate to

the survey's objectives.

· Main Objective

The general purpose of this study is to assess the quality of customer service at Jumbo Score.

· Related Objectives

This survey seeks to identify some related objectives such as:

(i) To identify the features which influence service quality at Jumbo Score.

(ii) To determine which components of service quality are considered most important by customers.

(iii) To assess the gap between customers' expectations and perceptions of service quality using the SERVQUAL

dimensions.

(iv) To assess how the personnel of Jumbo Score is perceived by customers.

(v) To suggest alternative facilities to enhance the service at the retail outlet.

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5.1.2 Hypothesis Development

The following section formulates hypotheses that relate to the concepts of service quality. A research hypothesis

is a tentative, testable statement or explanation about the relationship between two or more variables. Following

the extensive literature review done in the previous chapters, five hypotheses (relevant to Jumbo Score) have

been formulated:

H1: Higher level of service quality leads to higher level of customer satisfaction.

H2: Complainers at Jumbo Score have a significant influence on the recommendation of the store to their

neighbourhood.

H3: Tangible dimensions influence the perception of service quality more than reliability dimensions.

H4: Superior service quality is positively related to customer loyalty.

5.2 Determine Research Design

Research design is a method that includes a clear and technical description of the research type and strategies

that have been implemented to gather the required information. It also guides a research study towards its

objectives.

5.2.1 Research Type: Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Qualitative research entails to find out how people think and feel about issues why they take certain decisions

and behave as they do.

Alternatively, quantitative research seeks to find out about the number of people who hold similar views, ideas,

opinions and display same characteristics. Unlike qualitative research, quantitative research is considered to be

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statistically valid and can be utilized to make predictions. For this reason, a quantitative research design has been

used for the survey where questionnaires have been designed and administered to the target population in order

to get the needed information.

5.2.2 Research Strategies

· Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is carried out to gather preliminary information that will help to define the problem and

hypothesis (Kotler and Armstrong, 2004). For this survey, a qualitative exploratory research was also undertaken

to gather preliminary date and explore the concept of service quality in the retailing sector. This research was

conducted among some knowledgeable people (managers and directors at Jumbo Score) and their opinions and

ideas helped to better formulate the objectives and design the appropriate questions. Some general questions

asked to these people are:

(a) Do you think that service quality is an important concept in the retailing industry? Why so?

(b) What do you propose that retail outlets need to do so as to retain customers?

(c) What are the specific aspects that retail firms need to consider when deliver superior service quality to its

customers?

(d) What are your views and opinions about Jumbo Score concerning its policy of customer service?

· Descriptive Research

A descriptive research was conducted in order to measure, analyse and compare the quality of service at Jumbo

Score. It was in the form of a questionnaire survey whereby the data enabled more in-depth analysis (refer to

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appendix ?). In fact, descriptive research provides an accurate picture and gives a clear specification of the ‘who,

what, when, where, why and how' of the research.

5.3 Determine Data Collection Method

Once the research design has been determined, an appropriate methodology has to be selected. Hence, the data

collection methods chosen for this dissertation were through structured interviews and questionnaires.

Respondents were physically met so that questions were asked face to face. Respondents were guided through

the different questions of the questionnaires and they answered directly. This approach was believed to be

relatively better because it is consisted of several advantages as follows:

* Unclear and ambiguous questions could be clarified

* It would result in high response rate

* More time could be spent with respondents and their observations could be recorded

5.3.1 Data types and sources

The collection of data for this study is based on two types of data namely, primary and secondary data.

· Primary Data

Primary data are data that are collected for the first time to meet the specific purpose of the survey. For this

study, finding data like attitudes, opinions and behaviours of the customers was best available through the

primary data in the form of questionnaires.

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· Secondary Data

Secondary data refer to data that have been previously gathered for some purpose other that the specific

research needs at hand. Secondary data are cheaper, less time consuming and easily accessible. However, the

disadvantage is that, they can be irrelevant to the research needs.

For the purpose of this research, much use of secondary data has been made. For instance, brochures of Jumbo

Score, its website, articles from journals downloaded from online databases (e.g. Emerald databases) and

reference books.

5.4 Design Data Collection Form

As mentioned earlier, a questionnaire was designed in order to achieve the research objectives and investigate

the hypotheses developed initially. This questionnaire survey designed, was adapted from Rajiv Jankee (2003).

Sample of the questionnaire is available in Appendix ??. The following points were implemented in designing the

questionnaire:

5.4.1 Preliminary considerations

Before designing the actual questionnaire, it was important to decide exactly what information was to be

collected, from which respondents and by what techniques. Hence, the objectives of the project as well as the

information needs were precisely defined.

5.4.2 Question Content

When deciding on the question content, some issues were considered. For instance, necessary and sufficient

amount of questions were included in order to generate the required information. Moreover, embarrassing

questions were avoided and simple, precise and interesting questions were favoured. The aim was to make the

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respondents willing and able to answer the questions correctly and accurately.

5.4.3 Response Format

The questionnaire was composed of open-ended and a blend of fixed alternatives questions. Those fixed

alternative questions consisted of dichotomous, multichotomous as well as likert scale response. It is also

important to note that the SERVQUAL model developed by Parasuraman et al. (1988) was also used.

5.4.4 Question Wording

The questions were short, simple, precise and specific. Technical and unambiguous words as well as jargons were

avoided. Leading questions, double-barrelled questions and implicit assumptions have also been avoided.

5.4.5 Question Sequence

A funnel approach was used moving from general to more specific questions. The motive was to include

interesting and objective questions in the first place so as to establish a rapport with the respondents. This would

eventually arouse their interests, and which in turn would minimise a potential source of error.

5.4.6 Physical characteristics of the Questionnaire

The presentation and layout of the questionnaire were also decided as it could influence the respondents to co-

operate. The questionnaire length was strictly monitored and it was accompanied by a covering letter. The

questions were numbered and instructions were laid down so as to facilitate understanding the branching

questions.

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5.4.7 Description of Questionnaire

All the questions were derived from the research objectives. The following table explains the relevance and

significance of each question in the research instrument and how they relate to the research objectives.

5.4.8 Pretest, Revision and Final Draft

The pre-test, also known as the pilot survey is a critical aspect towards the success of the questionnaire. Thus, a

pilot testing among 10 respondents was carried out to refine the questionnaire. Subsequently, few ambiguities

were addressed and the questions were arranged accordingly. Also, the time required to complete each

questionnaire was recorded. In general, the respondents showed a very good level of participation, honesty and

commitment in their response.

5.5 Design Sample and Collect

A sample can simply be defined as a segment of the population with homogeneous characteristics in order to

represent the whole population.

5.5.1 Defining the population

A population is a group of interest consisting of all the study subjects that are the focus of the research project.

The population for this research comprised of only the customers that shop at Jumbo Score as they would have a

good notion of the topic under research.

5.5.2 Sampling frame

The sampling frame consists of customers shopping at Jumbo Score during the last two weeks of the month of

September.

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5.5.3 Sampling method

The sampling method used for this study is non-probability sampling, more specifically, the quota sample. This

procedure selects specific quota which is divided into sub-groups or strata according to the requirement of the

survey. Customers at Jumbo Score were divided into strata according to the gender groups. Equal proportion for

male and female was chosen for the sample.

5.5.4 Sample size

Due to financial and time constraints, a cost effective economic sample of 150 customers, comprising of 75 males

and 75 females respectively, was chosen to carry out the survey. This would provide a consistent and reliable

degree of precision and would eventually help to meet the research objectives.

5.5.5 The actual Data Collection

The process of data collection started on the 12 September 2009 to 30 September 2009. The data was collected at

the entrance of Jumbo Score. All the 150 questionnaires were administered and a 100 per cent response rate was

achieved.

5.6 Analyse and Interpret Data

For this study, the data collected were analysed by using the SPSS 16.0 software. This technology had greatly

helped in generating basic descriptive statistics such as frequencies and averages. Microsoft Excel 2003 software

was also used for drawing graphs and charts. Prior to analysis, data was edited, coded and tabulated. Open

ended questions were grouped on the basis of similarity and then coded.

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5.7 Prepare Research Report

This was the final step of the research work. The project report has been presented using a typical structure

categorised into various sections. It thus comprises of an abstract, introduction, literature review, research

methodology, analysis, recommendations, conclusion, references and appendices.

5.8 Ethical Considerations

The following points were being taken into consideration throughout the research process:

* People were not persuaded to participate.

* People got involved in the survey with their own consent.

* Information concerning the research was never withheld.

* Anonymity and confidentiality of participants' information were guaranteed.

5.9 Limitations of the survey

The study had been conducted in a planned manner so as to achieve the research objectives. Nevertheless, there

are several limitations which are as follows:

Financial and time constraints did not allow a larger sample size.

The survey was carried out over a period of two weeks only.

The survey was scheduled during the last two weeks of September and this period is considered as peak period.

As such, the store was crowded and this had made the fieldwork very hard.

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The number of respondents interviewed was only 150. This figure has not been devised using any statistical

techniques due to cost and time constraints. However, it has been regarded as representative.

Conclusion

This chapter has outlined the main approaches that have been utilised to carry out the survey at Jumbo Score. In

order to obtain valid and reliable data, the research work has been developed in the best possible manner. The

coming chapter is going to answer and focus on the analysis and findings of the study.

6.0 Introduction

This chapter analyses all the data which have been gathered through the research instrument. Both the SPSS 16.0

and Microsoft Excel computer software packages have been used to carry out the analysis. The analysis of data

gathered is being performed on a question-by-question basis, that is, each and every question on the

questionnaire has been analysed. Moreover, the last part of chapter concentrates on the testing of the

hypotheses that has been mentioned on the research methodology.

6.1 Data Analysis

6.1.1 The Profile of Respondents

1. GENDER Male 50.00

Female 50.00

Total 100.00 %

2. AGE GROUP 18 - 25 14.00

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26 - 35 18.67

36 - 45 30.00

46- 55 21.33

56 - 65 12.00

Over 65 4.0

Total 100.0 %

3. OCCUPATION LEVEL Unemployed (Student/Housewife/Retired) 14.67

Self-Employed 18.67

Non-supervisory Staff (Clerk…) 43.33

Middle or Top level employee (Manager..) 23.33

Total 100.0 %

6.1.2 Household shoppers at Jumbo Score

Question 1

From figure 6.1, it can be seen that it is the wife, with 32%, who does the household shopping most of the time,

followed by the husband with a proportion of 26%. Besides, 20% of both husband and wife have been identified

of engaging in such an activity and the participation of elder parents is noted to be 14%. Concerning the children,

it can be deduced that they have a less participative role in the shopping activities as clearly shown by a minor 8%

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figure.

6.1.3 Respondents' customer loyalty status at Jumbo Score

Question 2

This is due to the fact that Jumbo Score seen day light since more than four years. The figure above depicts a

percentage of 26.67% shoppers who has been shopping for 1 to 2 years. Only a minor 11.33% customer has been

visiting Jumbo for less than 1 year.

CROSS TABULATION

6.1.4 Respondents' frequency of shopping at Jumbo Score

Question 3

From figure 6.3, it can be observed that the highest percentage shoppers with a figure of 39.33% do shopping

every month at Jumbo, followed by 30.67% customers who go there rarely. This implies that customers do not

have repetitive purchases there. A least 2.67% of shoppers visit the store more than twice a week, may be for fill-

in purchases.

6.1.5 Key factors that influence respondents to shop at Jumbo Score

Question 4

Analysis from figure 6.4 illustrates that customers rated items according to their priority. For instance, the product

variety has induced them to choose Jumbo as their shopping institution. Moreover, we can note that caring

service, proximity and advertisement have also contributed as high influential factors. On the other side, store

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environment and credibility are the less preferred elements of customers to choose Jumbo as their shopping

partner.

6.1.6 Question 5

6.1.7 Mode of payments at Jumbo Score

Question 6

CONFIRM CHEQUES N PUT CREDIT MORE

6.1.8 SERVQUAL

Question 7

6.1.9 The Effectiveness of Handling Customer Complaints at Jumbo Score

Question 8(a)

Table 6.2 reveals a minority of 14.67% of shoppers have encountered problems at Jumbo. This gives an indication

that the store meets customer requirements satisfactorily. The majority of 85.33% customers have been able to

do shopping without hindrances.

Question 8(b) and 9

Among those who have encountered a problem at Jumbo, only a marginal figure of 18.18% has actually reported

the complaint. Reasons attributed to this meagre figure were categorised as follows:

* Customers thought that it would take long time to receive a response to their problem

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* Customers are to the opinion that their complaints would be down the drain at Jumbo.

* Customers having encountered similar problems elsewhere have not got positive response to their complaints.

* Customers did not find a complaint corner or any suggestion box to go forward with their problem.

* Customers thought that the products would not be refunded.

Question 10

Table 6.3 indicates that sympathetic approach gains the highest mean score of 4.0, that is, Jumbo's personnel are

considerate and compassionate to listen and willing to react to customers' complaints. Moreover, they seem to be

effective and efficient at understanding customers' problems in a timely manner. However, the loop hole seems

to lie in the willingness to refund with a mean score of 2.00.

6.1.10 Mode of transport used by respondents to come at Jumbo Score

Question 11

MET PERSONAL CAR BOCOU N REDUCE MOTORCYCLE TO 6% AND PUT TAXI 20%.

Diagrammatically, it can be seen clearly that most customers visit Jumbo by their personal car/van with a figure of

33.33%. This figure reflects that Jumbo provides parking areas for personal cars. The second most preferred

mode of transport used by customers to come to Jumbo is by bus with a percentage of 28%. This is due to the fact

that there is bus facilities available at different points like Immigration centre at Port Louis and all ‘Express' bus

from the North of Mauritius. The 2% figure depicts that customers living in the neighbourhood come on foot.

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6.1.11 Parking facilities offered by Jumbo Score

Question 12

Results proclaim that normally shoppers have a positive opinion on the adequacy of parking. However, its

standard deviation indicates that responses vary significantly across different groups. Moreover, nearness to the

store is considered as neutral factor by customers since the parking area is vast and everybody cannot afford a

near entry. Here, the standard deviation depicts that many other respondents are not to the same opinion.

Concerning safety on the parking area, the mean score of 2.21 shows that Jumbo does not actually provide

security services in its parking lot.

6.1.12 The overall service quality at Jumbo Score

Question 13

The above table 6.5 reflects a mean score of 3.80 which is rated to be above average of Jumbo's service quality. A

result of 70% of figure 6.10 accentuates this observation. Moreover, 10.67% respondents rate the service as being

outstanding in delivery quality of service. This excellent result is further strengthened by a 0.00% respondent for

having rated the service quality as very poor.

6.1.13 The level to which service quality has improved at Jumbo Score

Question 14

A mean score of 3.80 is noted, which indicates that customers have said that the service quality at Jumbo has

improve a little. For instance, gift wrapping are now being offered on special occasions and there is a soft music

playing in the store environment. However, its standard deviation of 0.777 implies that not everybody accepts the

fact that Jumbo has really improved a little.

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6.1.14 Reason for deterioration in Jumbo Score's service quality

Question 15

Analysis shows that a high proportion of customers (69.23%) have considered an untidy environment as being a

major factor to the deterioration of service quality at Jumbo. Besides, another determining element which

respondents have pointed out is unfair prices attributed to some products. Only 5.13% respondents have

associated lack of variety of products to be a factor which has led to the downfall of service quality.

6.1.15 The extent respondents will personally recommend Jumbo Score to others

Question 16

A mean score of 3.03 is already evidence that customers are not fully confident to recommend Jumbo Score to

others as maybe because of various retail outlets which have mushroomed. However, there is still a consequent

deviation in the recommendation of Jumbo Score. This depends on perception and tastes of customers.