Bukhara state university faculty of history and cultural heritage

MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE


"History of Bukhara" department


History of Uzbekistan
Topic: THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF TURKESTAN AND ITS COLONIAL SIGNIFICANCE.
Course work
DONE: 5120300 - History (countries and
by regions) undergraduate student
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SCIENTIFIC LEADER: "History of Bukhara" department
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BUKHARA-2022
TOPIC:THE ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF TURKESTAN AND ITS COLONIAL SIGNIFICANCE.
PLAN
INTRODUCTION
1.CHAPTER. Establishment of the Governor-General of Turkestan.
1.1. Administrative-territorial division and management of Turkestan region.
1.2. Colonial Office in Turkestan
2.CHAPTER.Colonial economic, spiritual and cultural policies and practices.
2.1.Transformation of Turkestan into a market for Russian goods.
2.2. The plunder of Turkestan's unique historical, spiritual and cultural riches.
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Making Central Asia a colony large areas of it were occupied as a result of military invasions carried out by the tsarist government for the purpose of. Despite the losses and casualties, the next military order by order of Emperor Alexander II plans continued to be implemented. Founded in 1865, the Turkestan region served as a military center for military operations in Central Asia. Next the task is to strengthen the dominance of the royal government in the occupied territories. and the formation of administrative-territorial units was. Occupied areas to achieve these goals containing administrative territory, that is, a separate governor-general began to establish a governorship. This is because of Central Asia

If it is far from the Governor-General of Orenburg, another reason was to consolidate the lands to be occupied in the future. Another general in the empire of these territories governorship the population and territory were sufficient to organize.The establishment of a separate governor-generalship in Central Asia through. its geographical features, economy, natural resources, mineral was a comprehensive adaptation of its resources to the interests of the empire. July 11, 1867 of the Russian Emperor Alexander II according to the decree Governor-General of Turkestan and its composition Turkestan Military District was formed. As Governor-General and District Commander, Adjutant-General K.P.von Kaufman was appointed.To him declare war on a country, make peace, military-administrative, the right to independently resolve financial and economic, civil cases given. That is why he was called a "half-king." This is an event In the movement of the Russian Empire towards the conquest of Central Asia was a new stage.
The border area of ​​the Turkestan Governor-General's Office stretched from the border of the Semipalatinsk region to the middle of Lake Balkhash, and from there along the Chu River to the Sarisuv River. The border line with the Governor-General of Orenburg is in the middle of the Perovsk Bay, to Mount Termembes, then along the Terken, Kalmas, Muzbil, Akkum, Chobartepa Mountains, the southern foothills of the Moyinkum and the Sarisuv River, the Chu River. went to the place where it was added. Part of the territory of the Semipalatinsk region, which was under the control of the Governor-General of Western Siberia, was included in the structure of the Governor-General. By the end of the 19th century, the total area of ​​the Governor-General of Turkestan was 1,738,918 sq. Km. According to incomplete census data from the first All-Russian census of 1897, the population of the five provinces of the Governor-General of Turkestan was as follows:
The Caspian region – 383 thousand people
Samarkand region – 860 thousand people
Syrdarya region – 1.478 thousand people
Fergana region – 1,572 thousand people
Yettisuv region – 988 thousand people
Total - 5,281 thousand people.
According to data collected by the Russian Empire's Statistical Office in 1914, the figure was 6,492,604. From the above data, it can be seen that the three provinces of the Governor-General of Turkestan (Samarkand, Syrdarya and Fergana) are densely populated. The majority of Turkestan's population is Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Turkmen, and Karakalpaks. The population of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians increased from 197,240 in 1897 to 406,607 in 1911. The ethnic composition of the Turkestan population is also composed of Tatars, Bashkirs, Georgians, Armenians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Kashgars, Uighurs, Taranchis, Persians, Indians, Kurds, and Afghans. The Governor-General of Turkestan was divided into provinces and districts in 1867-1886. In the areas bordering the khanates, instead of districts, military-territorial units - districts, divisions and districts - were formed. Initially, the Governor-General of Turkestan was divided into two regions: the Syrdarya, centered in Tashkent, and the Yettisuv, centered in Verniy. In 1868, the Zarafshan district, with its center in Samarkand, was formed in addition to the occupied territories. Zarafshan district is divided into three districts: Samarkand and one district, Kattakurgan. In 1871 it was joined by mountainous districts consisting of small principalities above the Zarafshan River. 1874 - The Amudarya Branch is established in Petroaleksandrovsk (Turtkul). The Amudarya branch, formed in a part of the territory separated from the Khiva khanate, was divided into Chimbay and Shorakhan districts. In 1876, due to the dissolution of the Kokand Khanate, the Fergana region was established with its center in the city of New Margilan (Fergana). In the territory of Fergana region there are Andijan, Kokand, Margilan, Namangan, Osh and Chust districts. - Isfara district was formed. The city of Tashkent has formed an independent administrative unit. Yettisuv region is divided into Sergiopolsk, Kupal, Verniy, Issyk-Kul and Tokmak districts. In 1882, he was removed from the governor-generalship. In 1868, Avliyo-ota, Qazala, Qurama (center - Kuylik village), Perovsk, Turkestan, Khojand and Shymkent districts were formed within the Syrdarya region. Khojand district had its own characteristics and its territory was divided into three districts - Khojand, Uratepa and Jizzakh. For the management of these lands by the tsarist government in 1867 "three years as an experiment" "Regulations on the administration of the Syrdarya and Yettisuv regions", in June 1868 "Temporary rules of management of the Zarafshan district", "1873 on the management of the Fergana region Although the "Provisional Statute" and the "Regulations on the Administration of the Amudarya Branch of May 21, 1874" were also developed, all of them planned in their activities "the unity of military and administrative power and its unification in one hand." With the exception of Tashkent, Turkestan did not have self-governing bodies. Under the Charter of 1867, public works were carried out by local administrations elected in the cities. The cities were divided into districts (urban districts) and ruled by elders. They were elected by a constituency-appointed electoral convention. The city elders collected taxes and distributed duties. They were subordinated to a senior elder appointed by the military governor and in charge of the city police service. The senior elder was subordinated to all lower police officers - officers, mirabs and judges. All of them were paid from the city. The city of Tashkent was the political and administrative center of the Governor-General of Turkestan and had its own administrative system. Here the city administration was headed by a special mayor. Separate public utilities were established in the "old" and "new" parts of the city. In the "old" Tashkent, board members were elected by the city's upper class, while in the "Europe" section, leaders were appointed by the military governor of the Syrdarya region. The work of public utilities in Tashkent, as in other cities, was to follow the orders of the mayor. Since the establishment of the Governor-General of Turkestan, the Governor-General has been given great powers. He was both the head of the civil administration and the commander of the Turkestan military district. The royal decree empowers KP Kaufman to "resolve all political, border and trade matters, negotiate and conclude agreements in neighboring countries, and agree on terms for decisions." The governor-general has the right to deport politically charged persons who are dissatisfied with the government's policies for up to five years and, in the event of resistance, to take the case to a military court. citizenship, the distribution of loans, including the right to overturn death sentences (if they have been handed down by courts of justice and jurisdiction) for persons belonging to indigenous peoples. The role of the Chancellery of the Governor-General of Turkestan was especially important in the preparation and implementation of various regulations governing the country. The Chancellery, in cooperation with specially formed government commissions, participated in the drafting of all laws in Turkestan, which would then be submitted to Russian ministries and the State Council. The Chancellery was active in personnel matters, "appointing to authorized positions, supervising subordinates and individuals, resolving cases and taking measures to enforce the law, and presenting them to senior officials." In this way, the head of state is given unlimited powers in the military, political and administrative spheres. The provincial government was administered by the military governor and the provincial administration, which included officials and a provincial administration under the military governor, and the provincial administration was chaired by the assistant military governor. This assistant was appointed and dismissed by the emperor with the consent of the military governor. When he was not a military governor, he was replaced by an aide. Provincial administrations performed administrative, judicial, police, financial, and administrative functions. In essence, they replicated the governance of the province, but the trick had a wide range of powers over them, as they performed the functions of all the provincial institutions existing in the interior of Russia. The structure of the provincial government consisted of divisions, the number of which increased with the establishment and strengthening of the colonial regime. Employees of the distribution department are selected for the territorial division and construction of the region, the governor-general, military governors and government decrees, orders, orders, sorting and promulgation, legislation and the issuance of documents of an informational nature, the service of regional officials and performed tasks such as dealing with vacation work. The economic division distributes land between the settled and nomadic population, manages foundations, manages water use and taxation of indigenous peoples, estimates local monetary obligations and manages local expenditures, control of customs duties and settlement of disputes, consideration and approval of various contracts, work with regional sources of raw materials at the request of individuals, registration of licenses for the opening of industrial enterprises and firms, registration of trade agreements and contracts performed tasks. In addressing the above issues, officials rarely adhered to the principles of administrative activity, legality and legal protection. Their personal desires often prevailed over any instructions or laws. At that time, local government was divided into nomadic and sedentary administrations, with the nomadic population in each county divided into volosts and volosts into auls, with volosts (bolis) being governed by volosts and auls by elders. The lowest point in the system of territorial organization was the volost. However, the division was gradually introduced only in Fergana region and Zarafshan district. Elsewhere, due to the large number of nomads, in addition to the Bolsheviks, elders were also formed in the settlements.The county administration is headed by the county chief, who is also subordinate to the troops stationed in the county. County chiefs were appointed and dismissed by the governor-general on the recommendation of the provincial military governors. The head of the district was at the same time an inspector, a police chief, the head of the zemstvo, the mayor, and the chairman of the land and tax service. In addition to the head of the county, the staff of the county administration includes his assistants and clerks. In the absence of the county chief, he was replaced by his aides. With the district administration planning and coordinating all the work on the ground, it is the responsibility of the county to oversee treasury operations, calculate taxes, monitor internal order, resolve land and water disputes, and provide district and village administrations. The bulk of the work on controlling its activities was reduced. It can be said that the head of the county was a monopolist in almost all spheres of social and economic life of the society, and applied the essence and spirit of colonial policy to the life of the county. The administration of the district consisted of the district administration and the district congress of the elected. The election of the governor of Bolis was held in two rounds, initially by the village assembly, in which one representative was elected from each of the 50 houses. Representatives of the village assemblies then gathered for a regional congress with Russian officials. Usually they were the head of the district or his assistant, who did not interfere in the work of the congress and controlled the order. Before the congress began, it was checked for the presence of fifty leaders. If less than two-thirds of the delegates were elected, the congress would be canceled. Officials in lower administrations often abused their positions. The governor's office and the elders' office often attracted people with crooked hands. Elections to Bolis and village administrations were often marred by fierce competition between different groups trying to field their candidates. In general, no public organization in the country could function under the laws of 1867 without the direction, supervision, or control of specially organized bodies and officials working in them. The colonial government's attempts to regulate the "nose" of indigenous peoples have become more pronounced in the structure and functions of the lower echelons of government. The government established by the empire has in practice demonstrated that it is an utterly incompetent administrative unit with selfish goals, and many attempts have been made to strengthen and expand it. The Governor-General of Turkestan is divided into provinces, provinces into districts, and districts into districts. To the military-governorship of the region at the rank of general, at the rank of colonel to the head of the county, plot officers of the rank of captain were appointed to the chief. This The core of the administrative structure is the district, headed by a general approved by the governor and had great authority.The head of the district includes the administrative, police and military authorities combined, fined people, detained for up to 7 days possible That is why they are also called ‘governor tora’. Precinct chiefs also impose fines on people, up to 3 days in jail which can sustain. In order to manage the villages, the volost and aul administrative subdivisions were introduced. 1-2 thousand The residential area of ​​the apartment is a village with 1-2 hundred pastures. A bolis manager (elder or) from the local population captain), village elders (hundred, fifty, ten)
and the village elders and their deputies were elected. But the local government is under the control of the Russian administration Representatives of the local population, elected only by name, are in the hands of the ulama puppet ones.
In 1867, the draft "Regulations on the order of governing the Turkestan region" was drafted and entered into force by the Minister of War of the Russian Empire D. Milyutin, the Imperial Adviser V. Girs. According to him, absolute power in the country is concentrated in the hands of the governor-general. Von Kaufmann (1967-1881) was appointed Governor-General of Turkestan. When the Governor-General of Turkestan was first established, it included two regions: Syrdarya (center - Tashkent) and Yettisuv (center - Verniy (now Almaty)). The division of the Governor-General of Turkestan into regions was carried out not on the basis of studying the natural-geographical and economic conditions of the population, but in connection with the process of conquest of the country. By the end of the 19th century, five provinces were formed within the governor's office. The Syrdarya (1867), Fergana (1876), Samarkand (1868), Ettisuv (1867), and Caspian (1881) provinces were governed by military governors personally appointed by the emperor.The governor-general of Turkestan had a wide range of powers in the country, including the commander of the military district, the chief of staff, and the prosecutor general. He controlled the activities of the Emir of Bukhara through the Russian Imperial Agency, and the Khan of Khiva through the head of the Amudarya branch. The Russian Empire continued to improve its colonial policy in Turkestan. To this end, on June 12, 1886, the "Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region" were adopted.In accordance with this Charter, the administrative department of the Governor-General of Turkestan was supplemented by a new body – the Council of the Governor-General of Turkestan. The military governors of the region, the head of the governor-general’s office, and the chief of staff of the Turkestan military district were permanent members of the council. A Council of Governors-General and a four-chamber court were formed. The first department was in charge of administration and control, the second in charge of finance and economics, and the third in charge of taxes and municipal finances. The fourth is called a special section. The Governor-General of Turkestan is divided into provinces, the provinces into districts, the districts into volosts, the volosts into precincts, and the precincts into areas governed by elders. The county chief, who combined administrative, police, and military powers, could fine people and detain them for up to seven days. Precinct chiefs could also fine people and keep them in custody for up to 3 days.The colonialists chose Tashkent as the administrative center of the Governor-General of Turkestan. The administration chose a location in the eastern part of Tashkent, relocated the local population, and built houses, streets, and camps for Russians. This part of the city was called the new city (the city was ruled by a governor). Residents of the old town, which is inhabited by locals, were not allowed to shoot at the Russian population.In 1877, the “City Charter” was introduced in Tashkent, according to which the city administration was transferred to the Duma. The Tashkent City Duma was the ordering body, headed by the mayor, the aksakal. The Governor-General of Turkestan has appointed Colonel EP Pukalov, the mayor of the city, as the head of the Duma. From among the deputies, the executive power – the city administration (court) is formed. The main administrative and coercive body of the Russian Empire in Turkestan was the police, which had great powers. The judiciary is an important legal link in the colonial administration. There are two types of courts: courts and people's courts. The first was in the form of colonialism, while the people's courts were a sharia-based judiciary. The Charter of the Russian Empire of 1886 legitimized and politicized the Russianization of the country by resettling the Russian population. Each immigrant family was allocated no less than 10 tanobs of land. For 15 years (1875-1890) 1,300 families immigrated to Turkestan.The colonialists chose Tashkent as the administrative center of the Governor-General of Turkestan. About 80,000 in the city
Population, 270 mahallas, 310 mosques, 17 Madrasa, 11 baths, 15 shop palaces and other facilities Which was. The invaders chose a place in the eastern part of Tashkent. Those who came from Russia, evacuating the natives of the chosen place
Built houses, streets, camps. This is the city Part was called the New City. The city was ruled by a governor.Regulations on management of the city of Tashkent
Was developed and approved in St. Petersburg in 1877 Entered. According to the charter, the Tashkent City Duma and the board are elected Intended. Two-thirds of the deputies of the Tashkent City Duma One-third from the new city, one-third from the old city Was selected. Depending on the amount of real estate,
Voters are divided into three categories. Property from your point of view At the expense of one percent of the value of the property Three of the owners of real estate over 3000, 1000, 500 soums Category voter list was compiled. He did not have enough property Intellectuals, workers, peasants, artisans from suffrage
Were deprived. In 1877, under the chairmanship of the mayor of Tashkent, each category 71 deputies to the State Duma elected. More than 80,000 people in Tashkent live in the Duma only 21 deputies from the old part of the city, the indigenous people was elected, and the majority of the deputies numbered about 4,000 was elected from the new part of the city where he lived. This is the case of management is a proof that clearly reveals the essence of colonialism. Tashkent City Duma administrative and educational buildings, road construction, landscaping, water supply and other municipal services engaged in related work. In particular, in 1892 establishment of telephone communication in the city, 1901— horseman tramway, 1912— electric tram The construction of the highway and the installation of street light bulbs are among the positive works of the Tashkent City Duma.
The occupied territories of Central Asia are administratively divided, they are completely under the control of military officers was.In 1877 in Tashkent “City Charter” Was introduced, according to which the city administration was transferred to the Duma. One third of the members of the Duma Elected from the Old Town and 2/3 from the New Town. According to him, 21 deputies out of 80,000 local residents of the city, 3,900, mostly Russians, were represented by 48 deputies. The Duma was in charge of all municipal affairs. Leadership of the Duma by the Minister of War on the recommendation of the Governor-General
approved.On July 12, 1886, Emperor Alexander III approved a new “Regulations on the Administration of the Turkestan Province.” This The main purpose of the charter was to strengthen the administration of the country and change the rules of land use. In accordance with the charter, Zarafshan district was transformed into Samarkand region. Khojand, Jizzakh, Kattakurgan and Samarkand districts are included in it Riddled. Qurama uyezd was renamed Tashkent uyez. In 1886 the general territory of the Governor-General of Turkestan 1.7 million sq. M. km and has a population of 5.2 million was Uzbeks and other indigenous peoples to 5 million in 1897, 1911 and about 6 million a year. The total population of Russia in 1897, including Ukrainians and Belarusians, was 197,000 people, and in 1911 it was 400,000. Podsho government has always taken steps to increase the number of evacuees. They pursued a colonial policy should have been the basis for the increase.In accordance with the Charter of 1886, the Governor-General of Turkestan The new administrative body of the League is the Turkestan General-Gu Filled with the Bernatori Council. Regional military governors, Chief of Staff of the Governor-General, Turkestan Military District The Chief of Staff were permanent members of the Council. In Bukhara And in 1885 the Russian emperor’s political agency was established Set. Without his permission, the Emir of Bukhara could not conduct independent foreign and domestic policy. The Russian government has completed Turkestan economically subjugation, transportation of its riches, the country supplying Russian industry with raw materials and finished products sold market policy. This policy was adopted by the Russian nobility supported by the landlords and the bourgeoisie, they robbed the country began to suck like. America brought to Russia for the textile industry
He paid 30-40 million soums a year for cotton. That's it therefore, to the base where Turkestan grows raw cotton transformation was identified as the main goal of Russia's agrarian policy. Large areas of land owned by the state during the khanate Declared to belong to the Russian state treasury. Foundation properties
both were gradually taken over by the state. Private property is considered
the lands were also turned into state property, inheriting them from their previous owners and taxed. Rent land from him inheriting those lands to the households who have been using them in practice attached and taxed. Thus, all the crops of the country lands became a source of income for Russia. Land tax XIX At the end of the century it was 4 million soums million soums. The royal administration to become the permanent owner of Turkestan Used a "move" policy. At the initiative of von Kaufmann As early as 1875, Avliyota moved from Russia 8 Russian villages were formed due to the above. In 1886 to the "Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region" resettlement and resettlement of appropriate Russian farmers intensified. The Russian government's "Asian Russia is empty from the opportunity to use the "land" used less local or landless Russian households. Cossacks flows to Turkestan without the permission of the administration began. Thus, in Syrdarya, Fergana and Samarkand regions
By 1910, there were 124 Russian villages, numbering 70,000 those who moved nearby lived. Immigrants to the local population They also begin to occupy wet and fertile lands. There were protests and clashes between them over water. Rus
relying on the Cossacks whose immigrants had moved, the natives in order to suppress the revolt with their help He armed the Russian Cossacks who were farming in Turkestan. They are in practice it was converted into a reserve army for charisma. The colonialists planted cotton in the country, especially in the Fergana region established plantations, irrigated arable lands expanded. 1885-1916 - area under cotton 40 increased from one thousand tanob to 550 thousand tanob. Increase productivity In 1884, an experimental seed station was opened.
By the end of the 19^th century, five provinces were formed within the governor’s office. The Syrdarya (1867), Fergana (1876), Samarkand (1868), Ettisuv (1867), and Caspian (1881) provinces were governed by military governors personally appointed by the emperor.The governor-general of Turkestan had a wide range of powers in the country, including the commander of the military district, the chief of staff, and the prosecutor general. He controlled the activities of the Emir of Bukhara through the Russian Imperial Agency, and the Khan of Khiva through the head of the Amudarya branch. The Russian Empire continued to improve its colonial policy in Turkestan. To this end, on June 12, 1886, the “Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region” were adopted.In accordance with this Charter, the administrative department of the Governor-General of Turkestan was supplemented by a new body – the Council of the Governor-General of Turkestan. The military governors of the region, the head of the governor-general’s office, and the chief of staff of the Turkestan military district were permanent members of the council. A Council of Governors-General and a four-chamber court were formed. The first department was in charge of administration and control, the second in charge of finance and economics, and the third in charge of taxes and municipal finances. The fourth is called a special section. The Governor-General of Turkestan is divided into provinces, the provinces into districts, the districts into volosts, the volosts into precincts, and the precincts into areas governed by elders. The county chief, who combined administrative, police, and military powers, could fine people and detain them for up to seven days. Precinct chiefs could also fine people and keep them in custody for up to 3 days.The colonialists chose Tashkent as the administrative center of the Governor-General of Turkestan. The administration chose a location in the eastern part of Tashkent, relocated the local population, and built houses, streets, and camps for Russians. This part of the city was called the new city (the city was ruled by a governor). Residents of the old town, which is inhabited by locals, were not allowed to shoot at the Russian population.In 1877, the “City Charter” was introduced in Tashkent, according to which the city administration was transferred to the Duma. The Tashkent City Duma was the ordering body, headed by the mayor, the aksakal. The Governor-General of Turkestan has appointed Colonel EP Pukalov, the mayor of the city, as the head of the Duma. From among the deputies, the executive power – the city administration (court) is formed. The main administrative and coercive body of the Russian Empire in Turkestan was the police, which had great powers. The judiciary is an important legal link in the colonial administration. There are two types of courts: courts and people’s courts. The first was in the form of colonialism, while the people’s courts were a sharia-based judiciary. The Charter of the Russian Empire of 1886 legitimized and politicized the Russianization of the country by resettling the Russian population. Each immigrant family was allocated no less than 10 tanobs of land. For 15 years (1875-1890) 1,300 families immigrated to Turkestan.The colonialists chose Tashkent as the administrative center of the Governor-General of Turkestan. About 80,000 in the city
Population, 270 mahallas, 310 mosques, 17 Madrasa, 11 baths, 15 shop palaces and other facilities Which was. The invaders chose a place in the eastern part of Tashkent. Those who came from Russia, evacuating the natives of the chosen place
Built houses, streets, camps. This is the city Part was called the New City. The city was ruled by a governor.Regulations on management of the city of Tashkent
Was developed and approved in St. Petersburg in 1877 Entered. According to the charter, the Tashkent City Duma and the board are elected Intended. Two-thirds of the deputies of the Tashkent City Duma One-third from the new city, one-third from the old city Was selected. Depending on the amount of real estate,
Voters are divided into three categories. Property from your point of view At the expense of one percent of the value of the property Three of the owners of real estate over 3000, 1000, 500 soums Category voter list was compiled. He did not have enough property Intellectuals, workers, peasants, artisans from suffrage
Were deprived. In 1877, under the chairmanship of the mayor of Tashkent, each category 71 deputies to the State Duma elected. More than 80,000 people in Tashkent live in the Duma only 21 deputies from the old part of the city, the indigenous people was elected, and the majority of the deputies numbered about 4,000 was elected from the new part of the city where he lived. This is the case of management is a proof that clearly reveals the essence of colonialism. Tashkent City Duma administrative and educational buildings, road construction, landscaping, water supply and other municipal services engaged in related work. In particular, in 1892 establishment of telephone communication in the city, 1901— horseman tramway, 1912— electric tram The construction of the highway and the installation of street light bulbs are among the positive works of the Tashkent City Duma. The occupied territories of Central Asia are administratively divided, they are completely under the control of military officers was.In 1877 in Tashkent “City Charter” Was introduced, according to which the city administration was transferred to the Duma. One third of the members of the Duma Elected from the Old Town and 2/3 from the New Town. According to him, 21 deputies out of 80,000 local residents of the city, 3,900, mostly Russians, were represented by 48 deputies. The Duma was in charge of all municipal affairs. Leadership of the Duma by the Minister of War on the recommendation of the Governor-General approved.On July 12, 1886, Emperor Alexander III approved a new “Regulations on the Administration of the Turkestan Province.” This The main purpose of the charter was to strengthen the administration of the country and change the rules of land use. In accordance with the charter, Zarafshan district was transformed into Samarkand region. Khojand, Jizzakh, Kattakurgan and Samarkand districts are included in it Riddled. Qurama uyezd was renamed Tashkent uyez. In 1886 the general territory of the Governor-General of Turkestan 1.7 million sq. M. km and has a population of 5.2 million was Uzbeks and other indigenous peoples to 5 million in 1897, 1911 and about 6 million a year. The total population of Russia in 1897, including Ukrainians and Belarusians, was 197,000 people, and in 1911 it was 400,000. Podsho government has always taken steps to increase the number of evacuees. They pursued a colonial policy should have been the basis for the increase.In accordance with the Charter of 1886, the Governor-General of Turkestan The new administrative body of the League is the Turkestan General-Gu Filled with the Bernatori Council. Regional military governors, Chief of Staff of the Governor-General, Turkestan Military District The Chief of Staff were permanent members of the Council. In Bukhara And in 1885 the Russian emperor’s political agency was established Set. Without his permission, the Emir of Bukhara could not conduct independent foreign and domestic policy. The Russian government has completed Turkestan economically subjugation, transportation of its riches, the country supplying Russian industry with raw materials and finished products sold market policy. This policy was adopted by the Russian nobility supported by the landlords and the bourgeoisie, they robbed the country began to suck like. America brought to Russia for the textile industry He paid 30-40 million soums a year for cotton. That’s it therefore, to the base where Turkestan grows raw cotton transformation was identified as the main goal of Russia’s agrarian policy. Large areas of land owned by the state during the khanate Declared to belong to the Russian state treasury. Foundation properties Both were gradually taken over by the state. Private property is considered. The lands were also turned into state property, inheriting them from their previous owners and taxed. Rent land from him inheriting those lands to the households who have been using them in practice attached and taxed. Thus, all the crops of the country lands became a source of income for Russia. Land tax XIX At the end of the century it was 4 million soums million soums. The royal administration to become the permanent owner of Turkestan Used a “move” policy. At the initiative of von Kaufmann As early as 1875, Avliyota moved from Russia 8 Russian villages were formed due to the above. In 1886 to the “Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region” resettlement and resettlement of appropriate Russian farmers intensified. The border area of ​​the Turkestan Governor-General's Office stretched from the border of the Semipalatinsk region to the middle of Lake Balkhash, and from there along the Chu River to the Sarisuv River. The border line with the Governor-General of Orenburg is in the middle of the Perovsk Bay, to Mount Termembes, then along the Terken, Kalmas, Muzbil, Akkum, Chobartepa Mountains, the southern foothills of the Moyinkum and the Sarisuv River, the Chu River. went to the place where it was added. Part of the territory of the Semipalatinsk region, which was under the control of the Governor-General of Western Siberia, was included in the structure of the Governor-General. By the end of the 19th century, the total area of ​​the Governor-General of Turkestan was 1,738,918 sq. Km.
Separate public utilities were established in the “old” and “new” parts of the city. In the “old” Tashkent, board members were elected by the city’s upper class, while in the “Europe” section, leaders were appointed by the military governor of the Syrdarya region. The work of public utilities in Tashkent, as in other cities, was to follow the orders of the mayor. Since the establishment of the Governor-General of Turkestan, the Governor-General has been given great powers. He was both the head of the civil administration and the commander of the Turkestan military district. The royal decree empowers KP Kaufman to “resolve all political, border and trade matters, negotiate and conclude agreements in neighboring countries, and agree on terms for decisions.” The governor-general has the right to deport politically charged persons who are dissatisfied with the government’s policies for up to five years and, in the event of resistance, to take the case to a military court. Citizenship, the distribution of loans, including the right to overturn death sentences (if they have been handed down by courts of justice and jurisdiction) for persons belonging to indigenous peoples. The role of the Chancellery of the Governor-General of Turkestan was especially important in the preparation and implementation of various regulations governing the country. The Chancellery, in cooperation with specially formed government commissions, participated in the drafting of all laws in Turkestan, which would then be submitted to Russian ministries and the State Council. The Chancellery was active in personnel matters, “appointing to authorized positions, supervising subordinates and individuals, resolving cases and taking measures to enforce the law, and presenting them to senior officials.” In this way, the head of state is given unlimited powers in the military, political and administrative spheres. The provincial government was administered by the military governor and the provincial administration, which included officials and a provincial administration under the military governor, and the provincial administration was chaired by the assistant military governor. This assistant was appointed and dismissed by the emperor with the consent of the military governor. When he was not a military governor, he was replaced by an aide. Provincial administrations performed administrative, judicial, police, financial, and administrative functions. In essence, they replicated the governance of the province, but the trick had a wide range of powers over them, as they performed the functions of all the provincial institutions existing in the interior of Russia. The structure of the provincial government consisted of divisions, the number of which increased with the establishment and strengthening of the colonial regime. Employees of the distribution department are selected for the territorial division and construction of the region, the governor-general, military governors and government decrees, orders, orders, sorting and promulgation, legislation and the issuance of documents of an informational nature, the service of regional officials and performed tasks such as dealing with vacation work. The economic division distributes land between the settled and nomadic population, manages foundations, manages water use and taxation of indigenous peoples, estimates local monetary obligations and manages local expenditures, control of customs duties and settlement of disputes, consideration and approval of various contracts, work with regional sources of raw materials at the request of individuals, registration of licenses for the opening of industrial enterprises and firms, registration of trade agreements and contracts performed tasks. In addressing the above issues, officials rarely adhered to the principles of administrative activity, legality and legal protection. Their personal desires often prevailed over any instructions or laws. At that time, local government was divided into nomadic and sedentary administrations, with the nomadic population in each county divided into volosts and volosts into auls, with volosts (bolis) being governed by volosts and auls by elders. The lowest point in the system of territorial organization was the volost.