As you know, legal relations cannot arise in the absence of not only legal norms but also legal facts. Legal facts are understood as specific life circumstances with which the norms of law associate the emergence, change, or termination of legal relations. For example, in order to exercise your right to education and study at a university, you need to have certain legal facts – graduation from a secondary educational institution, successful passing of entrance exams to a university, passing competition, and enrolling in a university. Legal facts are not any life circumstances, but only those to which the legislator has given legal significance. For example, the fact of registering the birth of a child in the registry office is a legal fact, but his baptism in the church is not.
Legal facts can be classified on various grounds. Firstly, according to the nature of the coming consequences, they are divided into law-forming, law-changing, and law-terminating. The law-forming legal facts include marriage; the conclusion of an employment contract. The transfer to another job can act as law–changing facts, and the termination of marriage, dismissal from work, etc. can act as law-changing facts.
Each of the above legal facts can be both law-forming, law-breaking, and law-changing. Such a universal legal fact is the death of a person. Secondly, due to the will of the participants in legal relations, legal facts are divided into events and actions. Events are facts whose origin is most often not related to the will of the participants in legal relations, for example, a volcanic eruption, flood, or other natural disasters. Absolute and relative events are distinguished. Absolute events are those that arise and develop independently of the will of the subjects. These include extraordinary and insurmountable circumstances. Relative events arise at the will of the subjects, but then they proceed outside connections with volitional activity, for example, arson, or the death of a person as a result of a fight.
There are also legal facts-states. They are lasting, for example, kinship, and citizenship. Actions related to legal facts may include those determined by the participants’ will in the legal relationship. Actions can be lawful and unlawful, i.e. offenses. Lawful actions, in turn, are divided into legal acts and legal acts. A legal act is a lawful action that is committed with the intention of causing legal consequences, for example, various transactions.
A legal act is a lawful behavior committed without the intention of causing consequences, but they arise by virtue of the law. For example, creating a work of art for yourself, without the intention of publishing it. But if this work is published, then its author is entitled to a fee, to publish it under his name or pseudonym.
Legal facts must be established properly since legal relations cannot arise without legal facts. In this sense, legal facts and evidence are closely related, but at the same time are not identical. The qualification of factual circumstances as legal facts precedes evidence, in other words, evidence is based precisely on legal facts.
Often, for the emergence of a legal relationship, not one legal fact is required, but their totality. This kind of set of legal facts necessary for the emergence of a legal relationship is called "actual composition". Thus, in order to acquire Uzbek citizenship, the following legal facts are necessary: submission of an application to the relevant state body, the existence of grounds for acquiring citizenship,
consideration of the application by the citizenship commission under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the issuance of an appropriate presidential decree – on admission to citizenship or refusal thereof.
It is customary to distinguish between completed and incomplete actual compositions in the legal literature. Completed are those actual compositions that
have all the legal facts necessary for the emergence of this legal relationship.
If the process of accumulation of the actual composition is not over and some legal
facts are still missing, then such an actual composition is considered incomplete.
In addition, there is a distinction between a simple actual composition and a complex one. If all the necessary legal facts relate to one branch of law, then they constitute a simple factual composition, for example, the consent of the parties is required to conclude a marriage, the absence of another registered marriage, close family relations, the presence of legal capacity of the parties. All these facts relate to family law. With a complex factual composition, the set of legal facts is heterogeneous – legal facts of various industry affiliations may be required here, while it is necessary compliance with a certain order of accumulation of facts, i.e. the accumulation of another fact entails the further deployment of legal ties. For example, the bankruptcy process assumes as a prior legal fact the inability to satisfy the legitimate claims of creditors before they are filed in court.
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