DISCOURSE ANALYSISTO DETERMINE THE GENRE OF
AMERICANSCIENCE FICTION
R.Sh.AKHMEDOV,
Senior teacher of English language and literature department
Gulistan State University
The problem of defining the genre of fiction has always interested scientists.
Despite the existence of the science of genre studies, determining the genre of a
literary work is often difficult. Fiction is no exception, and the lack of a generally
accepted classification of fantasy genres and subgenres only complicates the
situation.
For example, N. V. Markina gives the following classification of genres of
fiction, calling it generally accepted: science fiction, social fiction (utopia and anti
(dis)utopia) and fantasy [1]. At the same time, R. Heinlein in his article ―On The
Writing of Speculative Fiction‖ (1948) divides science fiction into science, fantasy
and horror. Other researchers distinguish such genres as mysticism, alternative
history, historical fiction, etc. [2].
The main problem is the subjectivity of thematic classifications, as well as the
variety of fantastic topics. For example, G. Altov created a register of modern
science fiction ideas and situations, which he divided into 10 classes, 73
subclasses, 326 groups and 2034 (!) subgroups [3,124].
The way out of this situation can be a discursive analysis, which consists in
the study of the features of the components of fantastic discourse. It is worth noting
that the fantastic discourse is a multi-faceted concept, speaking of which, first of
all, we should take into account the specifics of fantastic literature.
Fiction is a type of fiction [4, p. 97], within which the following genres can be
distinguished: science fiction, fantasy and mysticism.
In turn, fantastic discourse is understood as a set of discursive practices that
represent micro-contexts within which fantastic concepts are implemented
according to certain rules.
There are two components of fantastic discourse: dispositive and meaningful.
Let's look at each of the components in more detail.
The content component includes fantastic concepts, the implementation
condition of which depends on the genre of fantastic discourse (science fiction,
fantasy, or mystical).
Science fiction is a genre in which the extraordinary is created by material
forces (nature or man with the help of science and technology).
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It is possible to divide the content component of science fiction discourse into
two: inventory (various inventions (military, household, transport, etc.), as well as
biological (plant and animal species), physical, astronomical, etc. features) and
social, which consists in the features of society, such as the political system,
legislation, culture, etc.
The inventory component is the original and basic one for science fiction
discourse. Note that in the first American science fiction works written by E. Ellis
(1840-1916), L. Senarens (1863-1939), there is only one fantastic concept,
reflected in the title of the novel. For example, «steam man» in «the Steam Man of
the Prairies» (1865), «electric turtle» in «Jack Wright and His Electric Turtle»
(1881), «submarine» in «Jack Wright's Submarine Catamaran» (1881), etc.
The first American author to describe several inventions in one work is H.
Gernsback (1884-1967). In the novel «Ralph 124C 41Q» (1911), 30 fantastic
concepts are identified that relate to the inventory component, for example,
«spaceship», «electric car», «video phone» , etc.
The social component is no less interesting from a scientific point of view. As
mentioned earlier, some researchers distinguish social fiction as a genre of fiction
along with science fiction and fantasy, which is not correct, from our point of view.
«Social science fiction» or» social science fiction « sounds like «social
science fiction» in English. This term was originally used in contrast to‗ hard
science fiction « (exact (scientific) fiction) to define the area of scientific
knowledge that is the basis for a particular work. Thus, social science fiction is a
subgenre of science fiction.
Thus, in the novel by C. S. Lewis (1898-1963) «The Magician's Nephew»
describes magical objects: «magic rings», «magic trees», «magic dust» , etc.;
magical creatures: witches, fauns, gnomes, flying horse, etc. The novel implements
26 fantasy concepts.
At the same time, we note that these concepts are not fantastic for the
residents of the magical country «Narnia». All of them are part of the magic world
and are described as such. The author uses the lexical units «magic», «sorcery»,
«magic», etc.
Mysticism-belief in the existence of supernatural forces with which a person
is able to communicate. The first works that implement mystical concepts are
considered to be Gothic novels, which had a great success in the second half of the
XVIII century. Examples of such first novels containing mystical elements
include‖ the Castle of Otranto ―(1764) by H. Walpole (18171887),‖ the Mysteries
of Udolpho « (1794) by Anna Radcliffe (1764-1823). In Gothic novels, the
following features stand out: the plot is built around a mystery; the story is
shrouded in an atmosphere of fear and horror and unfolds as a continuous series of
threats to the peace, safety and honor of the hero and heroine [8].
It deserves special attention
E. A. Po. Mystical elements can be traced in many of his works, including ―a
Tale of the Ragged Mountains‖ (1844), ―the Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar‖
(1845), and others.
476
Speaking of modern mystical works, we note that mystical concepts include
«astral», «transmigration of souls», «ghosts», etc., described by D. brown (born
1964) in the novel «The Lost Symbol». The novel contains 75 mystical concepts
related to religion, esoteric phenomena, and parallel worlds.
Note that the same concepts can be part of different fantastic content
components. For example, the ghosts in the Harry Potter novels written by J. K.
Rowling (born 1965) are part of the fantasy content component, being an integral
part of the Wizarding world. At the same time, the ghosts mentioned by D. brown
in the novel ―The Lost Symbol‖ are part of the mystical content component, since
they are described as something supernatural.
The dispositive component is key to defining the genre of fiction and consists
in the fact that the action takes place in an unreal space-time continuum.
The science fiction dispositive component implies that events occur either on
Earth in the future, alternate past, or present, or on other planets.
One of the first works in which the science fiction dispositive component is
implemented is the previously mentioned story by E. A. Poe» MellontaTautd‘,
which takes place in 2848.
The rise of the dispositive component is associated with E. Smith (18901965),
the founder of the subgenre of science fiction «space Opera». Works like «the
Skylark of Space» (1938) take place on other planets in the conditional future [9].
Some scientists, for example, H. Gernsback, D. Livingston, L. Del Rey, T. A.
Chernysheva, and others believe that the dispositive component is mandatory for
science fiction works [10]. This belief seems to us incorrect. Thus, the characters
of the novels mentioned earlier by E. Ellis and L. Senarens are contemporaries of
the writers. Speaking of contemporary works that take place in real time, we note
the novel by M. Crichton (19422008) « Jurassic Park‘ (1990).
A curious work from the point of view of the dispositive component is the
story of A. Asimov ―Nightfall‘ (1941). The story takes place on a planet
illuminated by six suns. Once every 2049 years, when all the suns and the moon of
the planet line up, a lunar Eclipse occurs on it. This phenomenon drives the
inhabitants of the planet crazy, since they have never seen the dark. All
«inventions», such as torches, described in the story, are not fantastic for readers.
Thus, the only science-fiction element in the novel is precisely the disposition.
The science-fiction dispositive component, like the two components
mentioned earlier, is subject to the»confidence illusion». Despite the remoteness of
the future or the planets on which the action of the work takes place, the
disposition must seem real. Thus, the authors resort to mentioning real planets,
stars, or, at least, to describing planetary systems. For example, in the story of a.
Asimov's‘ Nightfall ' describes the structure of the solar system, the theory of
universal gravity, and so on.
This technique distinguishes the dispositive component of science fiction
discourse from the fantasy dispositive component. Thus, events in works of fantasy
take place in magical worlds that are not (or only indirectly) related to the reader's
world. For example, Cimmeria is the birthplace of Conan the barbarian, described
477
by R. Harvard (1906-1936) in the early twentieth century. However, the fantasy
dispositive component is not always uniform. So, the action of the novel by C. S.
Lewis «The Magician's Nephew», in addition to the magic country-Narnia, takes
place in «the empty world», «the old world», «the living forest», etc.
The mystical dispositive component implies that the action takes place in
some inexplicable space (parallel worlds, etc.) or in places associated with religion
(heaven, hell, etc.). For example, the conversation of the characters in the story
―The Colloquy of Monos and Una‖ (1841) by E. A. PoE takes place after their
death.
Note that the fundamental difference between the world of mystical history
and the world described in other genres of fiction (science fiction and fantasy) is
duality (dualism). The world of mystical history is always divided into two parts -
the realistic world (in accordance with the ideas of the inhabitants of this world
about realism) and the supernatural world (otherworldly). These worlds touch
when they come into contact, but they continue to exist separately.
In conclusion, we note that to determine the genre of a fiction work, first of
all, it is necessary to pay attention to the dispositive component. If the fantasy
dispositive component is absent (the action takes place in a real space-time
continuum), the content component comes to the fore. The predominance of
science fiction, fantasy, or mystical concepts is a condition for classifying a work
of fiction as science fiction, fantasy, or mysticism.
This research has shown that discursive analysis can be successfully used to
determine the genre of fiction, as well as the prospects of this analysis for
determining other genres of fiction.
References:
1.
Markina, N.V. Xudojestvenno‗y mir Reya Bredberi: traditsii i
novatorstvo [Tekst] G‗ N.V. Markina: dis. ... kand. filol. nauk.– Samara, 2006. –
C. 222.
2.
Lilly, N.E. What is Speculative Fiction? [Elektronno‗y resurs] G‗ N.E.
Lilly.
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URL:
http:G‗G‗www.greententacles.eomG‗articlesG‗5G‗26
(data
obraheniya: 12.10.2015).
3.
Osipov, A.N. Bibliografiya fantastiki: opo‗t. ist.-analit. i metod.-
teoret. xarak-teristiki [Tekst] G‗ A.N. Osipov.– M.: Izd-vo MPI, 1990. – C. 224.
4.
Slovar literaturovedcheskix terminov [Tekst] G‗ Pod red. S.P.
Belokurovoy. - SPb.: Paritet, 2006. – C. 320.
5.
Kovtun, E.N. Poetika neobo‗chaynogo, xu-dojestvenno‗e miro‗
fantastiki, volsheb-noy skazki, utopii, pritchi i mifa (na materiale evropeyskoy
literaturo‗ per¬voy polovino‗ XX veka) [Tekst] G‗ E.N. Kovtun. – M.: Izd-vo
MGU, 2012. – C.308.
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