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УМК 2020-2021

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• Listening: Top down and bottom up
• Bottom up listening The ability to separate the stream of speech into individual words to recognize. A List of Bottom Up Skills (

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Actively listening is:

1. 
   When a person who incorporates listening with concentration;
   
2. 
   Method of responding to another that encourages communication.
   

Listening: Top down and bottom up
In 'real-life' listening, our students will have to use a combination of the two processes, with more emphasis on 'top-down' or 'bottom-up' listening depending on their reasons for listening.
Top-down listening
This refers to the use of background knowledge in understanding the meaning of the message. Background knowledge consists of context, that is, the situation and topic, and co-text, in other words, what came before and after.
Bottom up listening
The ability to separate the stream of speech into individual words to recognize.


A List of Bottom Up Skills
(This list has been compiled from a number of sources: Peterson (1991), and Brown (2001). They are are listed in a rough order of conceptual difficulty):

1. 
   discriminating between intonation contours in sentences
   
2. 
   discriminating between phonemes
   
3. 
   listening for word endings
   
4. 
   recognizing syllable patterns
   
5. 
   being aware of sentence fillers in informal speech
   
6. 
   recognizing words, discriminate between word boundaries
   
7. 
   picking out details
   
8. 
   differentiating between content and function words by stress pattern
   
9. 
   finding the stressed syllable
   
10. 
    recognizing words with weak or central vowels
    
11. 
    recognizing when syllables or words are dropped
    
12. 
    recognizing words when they are linked together in streams of speech
    
13. 
    using features of stress, intonation and prominence to help identify important information
    

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