Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети

oral sounds	nasal sounds
labial sounds

Lesson 2

Speech sounds and phonemes



Lead in

A. Underline the same speech sounds in different positions in the following words:

1. 
   indicative /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/,
   
2. 
   abracadabra /ˌæbrəkəˈdæbrə/ ,
   
3. 
   uncut /ʌŋˈkʌt/,
   
4. 
   oboe /ˈəʊ.bəʊ/,
   
5. 
   poppycock /ˈpɒpɪkɒk/,
   
6. 
   armada /ɑːˈmɑː.də/,
   
7. 
   peg-leg /ˈpeg.leg/,
   
8. 
   pekinese /ˌpiː.kɪˈniːz/,
   
9. 
   Tuvalu /ˈtuː.və.luː/,
   
10. 
    tu-whit-tu-whoo tʊˌwɪt.tʊˈwuː/.
    

B. Now discuss the acoustic differences of the same speech sounds in different positions given in exercise A.

a) /ɪ/: [ɪ], [ɪ], [ɪ]

b) /ə/: [ə], [ə], [ə]

c) /ʌ/: [ʌ], [ʌ]

d) /əu/: [əu], [əu]

e) /ɔ/: [ɔ], [ɔ]

f) /ɑ:/: [ɑ:], [ɑ:]

g) /e/: [e], [e]

h) /i:/: [i:], [i:]

i) /u:/: [u:], [u:]

j) /u/: [u], [u]

Task 1: Study what the speech sounds and phonemes are.

A. Distinguishing of speech sounds from phonemes.

In linguistics the distinguishing of speech sounds from phonemes began in the second half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, understanding the difference between speech sounds and phonemes and revealing their difference completely is not always easy. The language learners confuse their difference regularly. Sometimes this problem may also be noticed among the future professionals in the field of language who have already got sufficiently profound knowledge on speech sounds and phonemes. In order to solve this problem four aspects of speech sounds should be taken into consideration in learning process. They are acoustic, articulatory, perceptive and phonological aspects of speech sounds. Studying these four aspects thoroughly is the main factor to solve the problem of confusing the difference between speech sounds and phonemes [4, 375].