Ўзбекистон республикаси олий ва ўрта махсус таълим вазирлиги ўзбекистон давлат жаҳон тиллари университети инглиз тили назарий аспектлари №1

Translation-loans (or loan-translations) are words and expressions formed after the patterns characteristic of the receiving language, but under the influence of the foreign words and expressions. E. g. mother tongue < L. lingua maternal; it goes without saying < Fr. Cela va sans dire; wall newspaper < Russ. стенгазета.
Semantic borrowing is the appearance of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language (pioneer- member of the teenagers’ organization in USSR).
Source of borrowing is the language from which this or that particular word was taken into English.
Origin of the word is the language where the borrowed word was born.
Etymological doublets are words originating from the same etymological source, but differing in phonemic shape and in meaning (shade-shadow, cask-cask, etc.).
Etymological hybrids are words created from both native and borrowed elements, like ‘short-age’ – English adjective ‘short’ and French suffix ‘-age’.