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The course of lecture:
At the start of our lecture today we have to define what lexical system is in the languages compared.
Lexical system is a specific level of language hierarchy and charactezed by its language unit "lexeme".
"Lexeme" is an indivisible, whole unit characterized by its specific form, meaning, semantics and function in language system.
Sure, the compared languages have "lexemes" having similar and dissimilar features.
So, languages under study have main following ways of word building, that is:
a) word building
b) word formation
c) word coinage
d) word compounding
Any language represents word structure which consists of:
1) a root morpheme (R)
2) an affixal morpheme
Sometimes word structure way be represented by one root morpheme, then it is a word morpheme:
home - уй (дом)
joy - кувонч (радость)
piece - кисм (кусок)
They are called root morphemes or word morphemes.
homeless - уйсиз (бездомный)
joyful - кувончли (рфдостный)
In "homeless" and "goyfull" -less and -full are bound morphemes.
When word structure is dealt with, we have to speak of the parts existing in it.
1) morpheme (root, bound, free and fused)
2) affixes (prefixes, infixes, postfixes)
So, the word in any language should have at least one root morpheme (which is equal to a word) or further:
1) root+affix;
2) or affix+root;
3) or root+infix+root.
Hence, we can assume that in language hypothetically there may be the following patterms of word structure:
1) root (root morpheme alone) - boy - бола - мальчик
2) root+postfix homeless - уйсиз
3) affix+root unhappy - бeбахт
4) root+infix+root - electr-o-technique - кайнота-кайнона, бахту-саодат цветомузыка - ледокол - канатоход - птицефабрика
5) root+root - classroom - гултожихуроз - отхона - болахона - вездеход - болотоход
6) root+infix+root+postfix - ледокольный, центробеже - нец, истребитель.
So, here our task is to fix whether all these models of word structure are universal with all the compared languages or not.
From this angle English and Uzbek, as well as Russian can be analyzed by the help of the matrix below:
№
|
LANGUAGE
|
FEATURES
|
Root (alone)
|
Root + postfix
|
Affix + root
|
Root + infix + root
|
Root + root
|
Root + infix + root+ postfix
|
|
English
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
|
Uzbek
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
(-)+
|
+
|
+
|
|
Russian
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
+
|
These cases of their usage can be will illustrated by the following:
1. root - postfix - beautiful - красивый - чиройли
2. affix + root - unhappy - несчастный - бебахт
3. root + infix + root electro-tecnique – электротехника хийлаи-найранг
4. root + root - classroom -синфхона basketball - баскетбол, чойхона, паттахона отхона
5. root + infix + root + affix - electro-tecnical - электротехнический, чиллаи-гуразоннинг
In the turkic languages such models do not exist, but there are cases of the use of borrowings from the arabic or persian language.
турку-тароватлик
азобу-укубатлар
Hence, we can conclude that all the above mentioned patterns are common to all the languages compared, but "root+infix+root" pattern is not pecular to the turkic languages, it is typical of their Indoewropean counterparts.
Analyses show that the compared languages are similar in the ways of building words that is we witness the following ways:
1) word building
2) word formation
3) word coinage
4) word compounding
What is typologically important that the turkic languages have a tendency to have right-hand connections (укитувчи+лик+-нинг) тинчлик, бахтсиз, уйсиз), where as English and Russian have the tendency of having both left and right hand connections.
красивый unhappy,
некрасивый inactive
сотрудничество impossibility
неграмотность
неизбежность
слепота, красота
капитализм, шовинизм
The tendency to use infix is also typical of Indoeuropean languages and we have to take this fact into consideration while studyng the lexical systems of the languages compared.
Monosemy of lexemes means one lonely meaning always inherent in the word( for example, from, because, if, sun, moon, earth, in order that, etc. or Uzbek «куёш, ой, ер, мамлакат, овкат, солнце, луна, страна, еда, вода, и т.д.
Policemy of lexemes is observed in such words as : table,(стол) work(работа), head(голова, начало), tail (хвость, дум), home (дом, уй,очаг, ўчоқ) to fix (установить, куймок, урнатмаок,) to do (сделать, килмок, вқполнять, бажармок), to make( сделать, килмок, ясамок, устраивать, курсатиб куймок), etc., where they always express more than one meaning.
Let’s now turn to the problem of syncretism of lexemes.For example, Uzbek «учун» in which there are always two meanings: purpose and reason (for example:Мен халким, ватаним учун жонимни беришга тайёрман( саволлар: нима учун?, нима сабабли?) or take the English word of syncretic character “lest”which always means purpose and reason at a time and translated into Uzbek as: «-масин учун /-масин деб» and into Russian as ” чтобы (не), (compare also: English “ until “ and Russian “пока (не)”, etc.).
So, such are similarities and dissimilarities of lexemes to be kept in mind while teching languages or translating, as well as while, compiling dictionaries or texbooks of bilingual (or polylingual) character.
Questions on the theme:
What is a lexical system?
What is a word formation in general?
What is an affixation in general?
What is a conversion in general?
What is compounding in general?
What is word composition in general?
What is word building in general?
What is word coinage in general?
What is back-formation in general?
What is sound interchange in general?
What is blending in general?
What is acronymy in general?
What universal lexical phenomena are there in Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
Are such lexical phenomena (as synonymy, homonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, hyperonymy, paronymy, etc.) characteristic of Modern English and Uzbek/Russian?
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