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LECTURE 7 (2 hours)
THEME: COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGY OF SYNTACTIC SYSTEMS (PHRASEMES) IN MODERN ENGLISH AND UZBEK AND RUSSIAN
P l a n:
Syntax (the general). “Syntaxis” - a word of Greek origion(in which“syn-“means together and “taxis”means placing in position or order), so “Syntax” means placing words in position together.
What is “syntax” from the grammatical point of view? It is a part of grammar, studying the combination(placement) of words into phrases and sentences which are basic units of syntax.
Main notions of syntax:
a) phraseme (phrase)
b) sentenceme (sentence) found in textemes (texts), treated in the so called phenomenon of “textics or textology”.
Levels of analysis and their units in comparison:
a) phrasemic level:
types of phrases in the compared languages:
coordinate:
subordinate;
predicative phrases and their subtypes
syntactic relations:
b) sentencemic level
textemic level
Conclusion.
Key words: syntax, main notions and categories of syntax, notion of a syntactical relations, and connections, agreement, government, concord, phrase, phrase theory, definition of a phrase, phrase types, coordinate phrases, subordinate phrases, predicative phrases, subtypes of the phrases.
The course of the lecture:
Syntax in Greek means relations of language units in a phrase or in a sentence.In the languages compared "phraseme" is a language unit consisting of at least two parts of speech (in English the first, in Uzbek the second of them may be a structural part of speech and the other should be a main, meaningful part of speech) which presuppose each other both structurally and semantically, they being compatible in the phrase structure. The realization of phraseme in speech is "phrase" like phoneme and phone.
Classification of phrases in the languages compared: As to L.S.Barkhudarov there my be the following structural types of phrasemes:
coordinate phraseme(Jack and Jill, ЖекваЖил, ДжекиДжил)
subordinate phraseme( good student, яхшистудент, хорошийстудент)
predicative phraseme(John’s dancing, Жонинграқсгатушиши,танцеваниеДжона). But the last type may be referred ton the second type of phraseme, because between the elements of a phraseme one can find the subordinate relations with the head word and an adjunct word.
We find he following syntactical relations between the elements of phrasemes:
a) agreement -two books two men
b) concord -good book, very weak.
c) government-find him (he) see them (they)
2. As to the type of the head (main) or adjunct words in the subordinate phraseme L.S.Barkhudarov distinguishes the following structural types:
noun phraseme: a good friend
verb phraseme: to read books
adjective phraseme: politically active, linguistically important.
adverb phraseme: very late, so early, stc.
pronoun phrase: some of us, one of them, none of those
numeral phrase: two of them, tens of them, millions of them, the first of them, the second of them.
The corresponding forms of the types of the phrasemes from one language to the other are:
катта шахар - a big city
катта шахарга - to a big city into a big city
кимматли совга - an expensive present
катта шахар(лар) - большие города, big cities
The difference lies in the concrete types of the phrasemes:
I see him Мен уни кўраман
Say to him Унга айтаман
Arakin distinguishes 8 types:
K+ Adjunct (Pronoun or noun) - to see him (kernel word-adjunct)
K+ Adjunct (Infinitive) - to decide to stay
K+ Adjunct (Gerund) - to begin singing
K+ Adjunct (Prep.phrase) - to wait for the boy
K+ Adjunct (Prep.+ger.)- to prevent from going
K+ Adjunct ((proper) noun+noun)- to elect John president
K+ Adjunct ((proper) noun+noun)- to send Mary a letter
K+ Adjunct (noun+prep.+(proper)noun - to send a pack to Ma
K+ Adjunct (Pronoun + inf.)- to impose them to stay
K+ Adjunct (Noun + inf. (without particle)) - to see the boy run
Types of phraseme vary as to the character of the head and adjunct words and may accordingly be named as noun,verb, adverb, adjective,numeral phrasemes etc.
1. School classroom ( noun phraseme )
2. See him (verb phraseme)
3. Very slowly, so quickly (adverb phraseme)
4. Dark blue, light blue (adjective phraseme)
5. Twenty five of them, one third of (numeral phraseme)
6. Some ofthe boys, each of the girls (pronoun phraseme)
As we see the main distinctive features of the languages can be found as to the position of the constituents of a subordinate phraseme.
A good student - Яхши студент- хороший студент
(subordinate phrasemes and verb phrasems:
read letters - хатларни ўқимоқ
and as to the means of realizing syntactical relations between the constituents of a phrase,in general on the one hand,and morphological category of the latter, on the other.
It is advisable to distinguish among others such types of the phrasemes as mixed type which might be of the following subtypes in the compared languages:
Cosubordinate phraseme: Jim and young Jack’s talk
Subcoordinate phraseme: young Jack and Boxer Tyson (or Tyson the boxer);
Co+co+subordinate: strong and healthy man of 40
It should be noted that the mixed types and subtypes of the phraseme in the languages compared are the the eargent issues of modern syntax today.
The syntactical connections between the parts of the sentence may be the followiong:
a) coordinate connection (coordination)(Jack worked and Jill cooked some meal.
b) subordinate connection (subordination) :I was playing when she came
c) predicative connection (predication) I hate John”s dancing
d) appositive connection (apposition) The man who is there is my friend.
e) parenthetical connection (introduction (introductive- кириш), insertion (insertive- киритма), enclosure (enclosive - тиркама)
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