З. И. Вайнштейн Л. С. Плебейская

Грамматика: условные предложения. Сослагательное наклонение. ^{* I. II.}

LESSON 48
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I*. Определите значение слова if:

I. If there is common bile duct obstruction, jaundice usually develops.

2. 
   The surgeon wanted to know if all the surgical instruments necessary for the operation had already been adequately sterilized. 3. Persons who have been in contact with the sick may be infected with hepatitis if prophylactic vaccination against it is not carried out.
   

II. Прочтите предложения и сравните их с переводом на русский язык. Обратите внимание на выделенные сказуемые. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. 
   a) If he is at the Institute tomorrow, he will see my brother.
   

Если он будет в институте завтра, он увидит моего брата.

2. 
   б) If he were at the Institute tomorrow, he would see my brother.
   

Если бы он был в институте завтра, он увидел бы моего брата.

234

Cycle VI. Diseases

в) If you took this drug now, you would feel an immediate relief. Если бы вы приняли это лекарство сейчас, вы почувствовали бы немедленное облегчение.
3. г) If he had been at the Institute yesterday, he would have seen my brother.
Если бы он был в институте вчера, он увидел бы моего брата.
д) If he had taken this drug yesterday, he would have felt an immediate relief.
Если бы он принял это лекарство вчера, он почувствовал бы немедленное облегчение.
1. Какое условие выражает предложение 1 (а) и к какому времени относится действие в этом предложении? 2. В каком времени стоят глаголы в 1-м типе условных предложений? Как переводятся на русский язык эти предложения? 3. Какое условие выражают предложения 2 (б), (в) и к какому времени относится действие в этих предложениях?

4. 
   В каком времени стоят глаголы во 2-м типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык? 5. Какое условие выражают предложения 3 (г), (д) и к какому времени относится действие в Этих предложениях? 6. В каком времени стоят глаголы в 3-м типе условных предложений? Как они переводятся на русский язык?
   

3. 
   Переведите следующие предложения. Определите тип условных предложений:
   

1. If biopsy had revealed cancer cells in the lung, the patient would have been operated on. 2. If the temperature is extremely high, viruses will not survive. 3. The gastric juice would contain much mucus if the examined patient had carcinoma. 4. The patient would not have developed severe anaemia, if he had not suffered profuse external bleeding because of a bad injury. ^IV.

IV. Дайте полную форму бессоюзных придаточных условных предложений:
1. Had obstruction not been controlled, the patient would have undergone an emergency surgery. 2. Could the nurse carry out this procedure herself, she would not ask the doctor to help her. 3. Were I in your place,
I should discontinue penicillin treatment. 4. Had the pain not radiated to the substernal area, the diagnosis of angina pectoris would have been excluded.

Unit 5. Infectious Diseases

235

5. 
   Прочтите предложения, обратите внимание на выделенные слова и их перевод. Ответьте на вопросы и выполните задание:
   

а) If he were not ill. he would
be at the Institute today (tomorrow). Were he not ill, he would be at the Institute today (tomorrow).
If he had not been ill he would have been at the Institute yesterday.
б) It is necessary that he should examine the patient immediately.
It is desirable that she be at the clinic at 2 o’clock.
It is important that he take this book.
в) The doctor insists that this procedure be carried out immediately.
I wish he be well again as soon as possible.
r) She looks as if (as though) she were ill.
д) You must keep your bed lest you should have a complication.
He repeated his experiments many times so that he might get the exact data. ^I.

Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте сегодня (завтра).
Если бы он не болел, он был бы в институте вчера.
Необходимо, чтобы он осмотрел больного немедленно.
Желательно, чтобы она была в клинике в 2 часа.
Важно, чтобы он взял эту книгу.
Врач настаивает, чтобы эта процедура была выполнена
немедленно.
Как я хотел бы, чтобы он выздоровел как можно скорее!
Она выглядит так, как будто бы она больна.
Вы должны лежать в постели, чтобы не было осложнения.
Он повторял эксперименты много раз, чтобы можно было получить точные данные.

I. Что выражает сослагательное наклонение? 2. Как передается в английском языке сослагательное наклонение? 3. Определите виды придаточных предложений, в которых употребляется сослагательное наклонение. 4. Как образуется сослагательное наклонение в русском языке?

VI*. Переведите предложения и объясните перевод:
1. It is necessary that the group of blood be determined before the transfusion is given to the patient. 2. The physician suggested that the electro-

236

Cycle VI. Diseases

cardiogram should be repeated. 3. He looked as if he were very tired. 4. It is not very likely that hemoglobin level should increase in the course of the disease. 5. It is better to operate on immediately lest the appendix should rupture. 6. The doctor insisted that chemotherapy be discontinued. 7. I wish the findings of the laboratory analyses be better.

7. 
   Прочтите слова, которые совпадают с русским значением, а затем слова, которые не совпадают:
   

immunity [i'mju:niti], invasion [in'vei3n], natural fnaetjral], absolute ['aebsalu:t], antidote ['sentidout], specific [spi'sifik], neutralize ['nju:tralaiz], vital ['vaitlj.

7. 
   Выучите следующие слова. Переведите предложения:
   

lack [Irek] v не хватать, недоставать; п недостаток, нехватка, отсутствие. The patient was lacking red blood cells.
relative ['retativ] а относительный; relative to smth относительно чего-л., по поводу чего-л. Relative association was established in those two cases. This article was relative to the latest developments in genetics.
previous ['pri:vios] а предшествующий, предыдущий. The previous attack of pain was particularly severe.
injure ['incfea] v повреждать, поражать, травмировать. The patient developed acute pain because of the injured leg.
inject [in'dpkt] v вводить {лекарство)', делать инъекцию. Tuberculin was injected to this patient.
subcutaneous [.SAbkju'teimas] а подкожный. Subcutaneous injections were given to this patient daily.
employ [im'pbi] v применять, использовать

7. 
   Образуйте новые слова при помощи префиксов и переведите их: sub-: cutaneous, cortical, febrile, serous, sternal, mucous;
   

in-: sufficient, direct, active, adequate, digestion, complete.

7. 
   I. Прочтите текст A. 2. Напишите аннотацию этого текста. 3. Найдите и переведите предложение, содержащее сослагательное наклонение.
   

2. 
   Выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:
   

прямой контакт, особое свойство сопротивляемости, в (при) различных условиях, выздоровление наступает, наличие любой инфекции.
Text A. Immunity
Infectious diseases are known to be caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body. Infection may result from direct contact with patients or from indirect one.

Unit 5. Infectious Diseases

237

But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of resistance against infection, which is called immunity, it being natural and artificial. Under various conditions it may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be absolute. A previous attack of an infectious disease produces a more or less permanent protection against its subsequent infection.
In the course of their growth in the body many pathogenic microorganisms produce virulent poisons or toxins, they causing the characteristic symptoms of a particular disease. To meet the infection the cells of the body produce a chemical antidote which is specific for this particular infection and is known as an antitoxin. If the patient can produce a sufficient amount of this antidote to neutralize the toxins before the vital organs are injured, recovery occurs. If the human body had not this capacity, we should suffer from all infectious diseases.
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men, an artificial immunity can be produced which results from the formation of antitoxin.
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in the protection of the organism against the infection. The presence of any infection usually produces leucocytosis and bacteria in the tissues are surrounded by white cells or phagocytes which prevent the spread of bacteria destroying them.
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected subcutaneously to produce a more active resistance of the protective mechanisms of the body. Vaccines are employed not only to contribute to the treatment of a disease, but to establish an active artificial immunity.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

7. 
   Translate the following sentences:
   

1. If Anton Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) ['liuianhuk] had not discovered the specific power (силу) of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes. 2. The patient’s sclerae were yellow as if he had jaundice. 3. The patient must be given vaccination lest he should become infected. 4. Chronic gastritis would not be so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young. 5. It is likely that the symptoms should recur since the process of inflammation has not been controlled yet. 6. It is necessary that the patient be administered a strict diet to control gastric pains.

7. 
   Pick out the appropriate phrase to end the sentences:
   

1. If the human body had no resistance capacity... (a) people would develop any infectious diseases, (b) even direct contacts with infected people

238

Cycle VI. Diseases

would never result in diseases. 2. If a previous attack of a certain infectious disease did not produce a more or less permanent immunity... (a) all of us would be immune (невосприимчивые) to any subsequent attack of this particular infection, (b) people would lack resistance to subsequent infection.

3. 
   If all of us had absolute immunity... (a) antitoxins would not be able to neutralize toxins, (b) no infectious disease would ever develop in the human organism.
   

7. 
   Finish the sentences using the Complex Object:
   

1.1 n the practical therapy class the students watched... (а) как сестра делала больным подкожные и внутримышечные инъекции, (Ь) как оперировали больного с закупоркой желчных протоков. 2. The scientists have found... (а) что фагоциты окружают и разрушают бактерии, проникшие в ткани, (Ь) что антитоксины нейтрализуют действие токсинов.

7. 
   Pick out the sentences corresponding to Text A:
   

1. a) Artificial immunity results from prophylactic vaccination, b) Artificial immunity is due to the formation of specific antitoxins.

2. 
   a) Immunity may vary'depending on various conditions, b) Immunity may be present only in certain persons. 3. a) Toxins produce the characteristic symptoms of a particular infectious disease, b) Some microorganisms, like mucobacterium tuberculosis, produce little or no toxin during growth.
   

7. 
   1. Read Text B. 2. Determine the meaning of the words in bold type from the context. 3. Say about what Pasteur spoke in his lecture. 4. What conclusion have you come to having read the text?
   

Text B. Asepsis
If all the works carried out by the great French researcher Pasteur were divided into three groups, they would form three gfeat discoveries.
The first one might be formulated thus: “Each fermentation is produced by the development of a particular microbe.”
The second one might be given this formula: “Each infectious disease is produced by the development of a particular microbe within the human organism.”
The third one might be the following: “The microbe of an infectious disease, under certain conditions, is attenuated¹ in its pathogenic activity; from a microbe it becomes a vaccine.”

Unit 5. Infectious Diseases

239

In 1878 while delivering his lecture on the theory of microbes at the Academy of Sciences in Paris Pasteur said that if he were a surgeon, who knew of the dangers produced by microbes existing on the surface of every object, particularly in hospitals, not only should he use clean instruments, but after washing his hands with the greatest care he would employ only those bandages and charpie² which had been heated to a temperature of 130° or 150 °C.
If he employed the water, he would heat it to a temperature of 110° or 120 °C, since observation had shown the clearest water to contain still greater number of microbes.
Had those principles of asepsis, on which Pasteur insisted, not been strictly followed in medicine thousands and thousands of human lives would have been lost because of sepsis.
Notes

1. 
   to attenuate [a'tenjueit] — ослаблять, разбавлять
   
2. 
   charpie [Ja:pi] —карпия, льняные нитки для перевязки ран
   

LESSON 49
HOME ASSIGNMENTS

1. 
   Запомните чтение следующих слов. Найдите их перевод ниже: diphtheria [dif.Giaria], prostration [prn'streijbn], tonsil I'tnnsl], larynx
   

['laerirjks], toxemia [tok'simia], delirium [di'liriam], disintegrate [dis'intigreit].
Отравление крови, заражение крови; прострация, изнеможение; бред, бредовое состояние; распадаться; дифтерит; миндалевидная железа; гортань.

2. 
   Выучите следующие слова:
   

backache ['baekeik] п боль в спине .
smear ['smia] п мазок
culture ['клй/э] п посев; выращивание бактерий extreme [ik'stri:m] а крайний; чрезвычайный convalescence [.ktmva'lesns] п выздоровление fatal ['feitl] а летальный, смертельный outcome ['ашклт] п исход

3.