З. И. Вайнштейн Л. С. Плебейская

Грамматика: согласование времен. Бессоюзные придаточные предложения. . • ^{* 1}

LESSON 19
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
Запомните:

1. Буквосочетания eu, ew, ue читаются [ju:], а после букв г, I, j — [u:]: new [nju:] новый', true [tru:| правильный', ЬЦуе fblu:] голубой, синий.

2. 
   Буква и после г, I, j читается [u:]: rule [ru:l] правило', lunar [Ти:пэ] лунный', junior [i&umja] младший.
   
3. 
   -ian является суффиксом: а) прилагательных и б) существительных. После ss или с суффикс -ian читается fjn]: Russian ['гд/п] русский.
   
4. 
   Префикс dis- образует слова со значением, противоположным корню: to appear появляться — to disappear исчезать.
   
5. 
   На префиксы a-, ab-, be-, corn-, con-, de-, ex-, per-, pre- ударение не падает.
   

Unit 2. The Physiology of Respiration

109

1. 
   Прочтите следующие слова:
   

а) few, news, tissue, newspaper, hue, dew, stew, flew, grew, Tuesday, drew, true, clue, due;
б) June, revolution, solution, conclusion, truly, truth, delusion, delute, juice.

2. 
   Прочтите и переведите следующие слова:
   

а) Ukrainian, Indian, Siberian;
б) musician, politician, academician;
в) discontinue, disorganize, discover, discovery, disconnect, disconnection; r) absorption, become, complete, conclusion, exchange, perform, explain,
prevent, decrease, depend, amount.

3. 
   Запомните чтение следующих слов:
   

psychology [sai'kDlocfei], process ['prouses], absorption [ob'so:pJ'n], diffusion [di'fju:3n], phenomenon [ftWimnan] (pi phenomena [fi'nnminoj.

4. 
   Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: observe [ab'z3:v] v наблюдать; изучать, следить investigate [in'vestigeit] v исследовать
   

isolate faisoleit] v отделять, изолировать; выделять combine [kom'bain) v соединять; объединять
able feibl] а способный, умелый; to be able быть в состоянии, мочь conclusion [кэп'к1и:зп] п вывод, заключение; to draw a conclusion сделать вывод
accomplish [o'knmplif] v выполнять; заканчивать; завершать exchange [iks't/eincfe] п обмен; v обменивать(ся) due [dju:] а обусловленный, должный, надлежащий, соответствующий; due to ргр вследствие; благодаря, из-за, в связи с; в результате; to be due to обусловливаться
solution [sa'luijn] n раствор; растворение , salt [so:lt] n соль
prove [pru:v] v доказывать; оказываться; to prove (to be) satisfactory
оказаться удовлетворительным
transfer ['traensf3:J n перенос; передача; [trsens'f3:] v переводить, перемещать
enable [fneibl] v давать возможность (право) ^V.

V. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

1. 
   prove [pru:vj: to prove facts, to prove to smb that, he proved that he was right, he was able to prove that;
   

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Cycle III. Physiology of the Human Body

2. 
   conclusion [kon'kluijn]: a right conclusion, in conclusion, to come to the conclusion that..., to draw a conclusion;
   
3. 
   accomplish [э'клшрй/]: accomplishment, to accomplish the observation, the accomplishment of the respiratory process;
   
4. 
   due [dju:]: due to his illness, due to a high temperature, in due time, his bad condition was due to a high blood pressure;
   
5. 
   investigate [in'vestigeit]: investigation, to accomplish the investigation, the investigation of the blood cells.
   

6. 
   Переведите следующие предложения, определите времена сказуемых:
   

1. The patient had restored his health by the end of September. 2. He had slept well before the surgeon came. 3. The male patient had had the grippe before he was admitted to the clinic. 4. The doctor had observed an unusual case of a mitral valve disease before he reported on it at the conference.

6. 
   Прочтите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод придаточных дополнительных предложений. Сопоставьте времена сказуемых главного и придаточных предложений. Ответьте на вопросы:
   

_т, ., ( he lived in Kiev. i живет в Киеве.
^Не *^aid he had lived in Kiev. ^{0н сказал}' жил в Киеве.
^1а I he would live in Kiev. ^что l будет жить в Киеве.
1. В чем заключается правило согласования времен? 2. Каким временем в дополнительном придаточном предложении .выражается:
а) одновременность действия и каким временем она переводится на русский язык; б) действие, предшествующее действию главного предложения; в) действие, которое произойдет в будущем?
VIII*. Выберите предложения, в которых действия главного и придаточного предложений происходят одновременно. Переведите эти предложения:
Л
1. The scientists determined that the rate of heartbeat increased because of different emotions. 2. The doctor said that he had examined the patient a day before. 3. The surgeon considered that the operation would be successful.

2. 
   It was estimated that blood was a fluid tissue. ^IX.
   

IX. От следующих глаголов образуйте существительные при помощи суффиксов -ion, -ation, -ment и переведите эти существительные (письменно):

1. 
   investigate, observe, combine, complete, isolate, found, conclude; 6) accomplish, achieve, measure, establish, state, appoint.
   

Unit 2. The Physiology of Respiration

111

10. 
    Выучите следующие словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги:
    

to be due to, to come to the conclusion, to prove to, in conclusion, due to, to report on smth, on the basis of smth, to work on the problem.

10. 
    1. Прочтите текст A. 2. Найдите: а) слова, имеющие сходное звучание с русскими, и переведите предложения с этими словами; б) предложения в Past Perfect Active и переведите их. Скажите, что вы узнали из 4-го абзаца о процессе дыхания, из 5-го — о газообмене.
    

Text A. Sechenov and His Works on the Blood Gases
l.M. Sechenov (1829-1905) was a prominent Russian scientist, the founder of Russian physiology and scientific psychology.
The range of Sechenov’s scientific interests and the number of his research works are really great. 106 scientific works were written by him. In these works he included the findings which he had observed and determined before.
Some of his research works were connected with the investigation of the blood gases and their role in the respiratory process.
l.M. Sechenov isolated the blood gases and found out that most of the blood gases were combined with erythrocytes. No physiologist had been able to do it before Sechenov. On the basis of his observations l.M. Sechenov came to the conclusion that hemoglobin was that substance of the blood which accomplished the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the respiratory process. Physiologists of many countries who had worked on this problem before Sechenov could not estimate the role of hemoglobin in the act of respiration. So, the accomplishment of the respiratory process is due to hemoglobin.
l.M. Sechenov investigated the process of absorption of carbon dioxide by the solutions of salts. When he had completed his investigations, he proved that only 2/3 of carbon dioxide were dissolved (растворяются) in plasma. The rest of carbon dioxide was combined with red blood cells. The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs was due to the law (закон) of diffusion of gas from fluid into the air. When Sechenov had investigated this phenomenon, he was able to answer the question why oxygen passed into the blood from atmospheric gases during the act of respiration.
CLASS ASSIGNMENTS

10. 
    Translate the following sentences. Explain the choice of tense forms while translating the predicates of the Object Clauses:
    

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Cycle III. Physiology of the Human Body

1. The doctor stated that the patient had pneumonia. 2. The surgeon considered that the patient would feel well in two or three days. 3. The professor found out that the patient had had tuberculosis two years before.

2. 
   They came to the conclusion that the atmospheric pressure was an important factor for patients with cardiac diseases. 5. The researchers said that they had observed new phenomena.
   

10. 
    Translate the following sentences according to the model:
    

No conclusions were drawn from this experiment. Никаких выводов не было сделано из этого опыта.
What have you noticed while translating this model?
1. The doctor has observed no considerable changes in the lungs. 2. No difference exists between the substance of the bones of the lower and upper extremities. 3. The surgeon came to no exact conclusion after he had examined the patient. 4. No human being can exist without oxygen.

10. 
    Translate the following word combinations:
    

the solution of salts, due to the transfer, due to the diffusion of gases, to accomplish the investigations, the accomplishment of this process, to come to the conclusion, to draw a conclusion, to investigate the phenomenon, to investigate the laws of diffusion.

10. 
    Translate into English:
    

1. Выдающийся русский ученый И.М. Сеченов много работал над проблемой обмена газов в легких. 2. На основании многочисленных исследований ученые пришли к выводу, что циркулирующий объем крови зависит от изменений температуры воздуха. 3. Чем обусловлен переход углекислого газа из крови в легкие? 4. Ученый доказал своим коллегам (co-workers), что его выводы были правильными.

2. 
   На заседании кафедры он доложил о результатах своих опытов.
   
3. 
   Вследствие увеличения физической нагвузки частота сердечных сокращений обычно учащается (accelerate).
   

10. 
    Answer the questions according to the model:
    

1. 
   : I have already published my findings. Have you?
   
2. 
   : I have not published my findings yet. I shall have published them by the end of the month.
   

1. I have already changed my method of research. Have you? 2. I have already determined the findings of my observations. Have you? 3. 1 have already completed my investigations. Have you?

Unit 2. The Physiology of Respiration

113

10. 
    Put the verbs in brackets in the proper tense:
    

1. The patient (to be) under medical care before the surgeon began the operation. 2. They (to isolate) the patient with the grippe from the others before they were infected. 3. My experiments not yet (to prove) anything since I started them. 4. We (to complete) our observations on the changes in the blood erythrocytes by tomorrow.

10. 
    State the part of speech by the suffixes. Translate the following words:
    

atmospheric, difference, pressure, alveolar, diffusion, substance, capacity, combination, carbonic, accomplishment, conclusion, venous.

10. 
    Answer the following questions:
    

What do we call a person who...

1. 
   discovers something? 2) founds some new theories? 3) investigates some phenomena? 4) researches in some field of science? 5) observes some changes in the experiments?
   

10. 
    Read and translate Text B. Remember the given data to be able to answer the questions.
    

Text B. The Exchange of Gases in the Lungs
The exchange of gases takes place in the alveoli [tel'vhalai] of the lungs. Oxygen passes into the blood and carbon dioxide passes into the atmospheric air.
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is due to the difference of partial (парциальное) pressure of these gases in the alveolar air and in the venous blood.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air is higher than in the venous blood. The transfer of oxygen from the atmospheric air into the blood is due to this difference of pressures.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in the venous blood and this enables carbon dioxide to pass from the blood into alveolar air.
The process of transfer of gases into the medium ['mhdiamj (среда) with a lower partial pressure is called diffusion. Hemoglobin is that substance of the blood which transfers oxygen in the blood. The oxygen capacity of the blood averages to 18-20 millilitres (ml) per 100 g of blood. Carbon dioxide is transferred in combination with hemoglobin and as bicarbonic salts.
The combination of oxygen and hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin, that of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin — carbohemoglobin.

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Cycle III. Physiology of the Human Body

LESSON 20
HOME ASSIGNMENTS
I.A. Прочтите предложение и ответьте на вопросы:
The man you see in the classroom teaches us Physiology.
1*. Найдите подлежащие и сказуемые в этом предложении. 2*. Сколько в нем предложений? 3*. Какая зависимость между этими предложениями? 4*. Что опущено между этими предложениями? 5*. Переведите предложение.
Б. Прочтите и сравните следующие предложения:
а) I know my friend is not ill.
б) My friend you know well is not ill.

1. 
   Определите виды придаточных предложений в а) и б) и скажите, как они соединяются с главным. 2. Как переводятся на русский язык бессоюзные придаточные предложения?
   
2. 
   Определите виды придаточных предложений и переведите их:
   

1. We know well Servet was the first anatomist to describe the pulmonary circulation in the first half of the 16th century (1536-1538). 2. The phenomenon of the transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs Sechenov investigated is due to the law of diffusion of gas from the fluid into the air.

2. 
   The vital capacity of the lungs many physiologists have studied changes in some cardiac and pulmonary diseases. 4. The great English anatomist
   

W. Harvey found out the heart changed its colour during the contractions.

3. 
   Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания: