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Lesson 20. Grammar Word Order in Positive Sentences

Simple word order in positive sentence

subject	verb(s)	object
I	speak	English
I	can speak	English

More complicated word order in positive sentence

subject	verb(s9	indirect object	direct object	place	time
I	will tell	you	the story	at school	tomorrow.

Word Order in Negative Sentences

The word order in negative sentences is the same as in affirmative sentences. Note, however, that in negative sentences we usually need an auxiliary verb:

subject	verbs	indirect object	direct object	place	time
I	will not tell	you	the story	at school	tomorrow.

Word Order in Subordinate Clauses

In subordinate clauses, the word order is the same as in simple affirmative sentences. (Conjunctions are often used between two clauses):

conjunction	subject	verb(s)	indirect object	direct object	place	time
	I	will tell	you	the story	at school	tomorrow ...
because	I	don't have		time		now.

Position of Time Expressions

(e.g.: recently, now, then, yesterday)
Adverbs of time are usually put at the end of the sentence.

subject	verb(s)	indirect object	direct object	time
I	will tell	you	the story	tomorrow.

If you don't want to put emphasis on the time, you can also put the adverb of time at the beginning of the sentence.

time	subject	verb(s)	indirect object	direct object
Tomorrow	I	will tell	you	the story.

Note that some time expressions are adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually usw.). These are usually put before the main verb (except for 'be' as a main verb). (see also Position of Adverbs)

subject	auxiliary/be	adverb	main verb	object, place or time
I		often	go swimming	in the evenings.
He	doesn't	always	play	tennis.
We	are	usually		here in summer.
I	have	never	been	abroad.

Word Order in Questions

In questions, the word order subject-verbs-object is the same as in affirmative sentences. The only thing that’s different is that you usually have to put the auxiliary verb (or the main verb “be”) before the subject. Interrogatives are put at the beginning of the sentences:

interrogative	auxiliary verb	subject	other verb(s)	indirect object	direct object	place	time
What	would	you	like to tell	me
	Did	you	have		a party	in your flat	yesterday?
When	were	you				here?

Exercises 1. Arrange the words to make affirmative sentences. Place time expressions at the end of the sentences.

1. 
   go / now / home / will / I →
   
2. 
   give / the present / tomorrow / we / him / will →
   
3. 
   her / met / last night / at / we / the station → 
   
4. 
   was / last week / he / in hospital →
   
5. 
   in Greece / spend / I / will / next year / my holiday →
   
6. 
   must / at five o'clock / leave / we / the house →
   
7. 
   the library / take / I / the book / will / today / to →
   
8. 
   my mum / breakfast / in the morning / made →
   
9. 
   tonight / want / to the cinema / to go / we →
   
10. 
    wrote / last week / they / at school / a test →
    

Exercise 2. Arrange the words to make negative sentences. Place time expressions at the end of the sentences.

1. 
   our holiday / will / at home / we / not / spend / next year
   
2. 
   did / I / him / see / not / last night / at the disco
   
3. 
   to a party / not / we / tonight / going / are
   
4. 
   will / a letter / not / next week / send / you / she
   
5. 
   not / the truth / did / he / tell / you
   
6. 
   to the cinema / we / want / not / do / tonight / to go
   
7. 
   play / in the bar / did / he / last week / not / the piano
   
8. 
   not / now / she / in England / is
   
9. 
   eat / in winter / ice-cream / do / not / I
   
10. 
    right now / have / not / we / time / do
    

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets. Place time expressions at the end of the sentences.

1. 
   She is in great form because (every week / goes / she / to the gym)
   
2. 
   I think (likes / Susan / you)
   
3. 
   I can't talk to you because (time / do not have / I / now)
   
4. 
   We are glad that (at home / did not leave / we / our umbrella
   
5. 
   I will miss him when (to Chicago / moves / he)
   
6. 
   They don't know where (have left / the key / they)
   
7. 
   Ring me if (have / you / a problem)
   
8. 
   I'd like to know why (her holiday / does not spend / she / in France
   
9. 
   They told him that (wanted to play / they / tennis)
   
10. 
    He was reading the paper while (she / in the garden / was working) 
    

Exercise 5. Arrange the words to make questions.

1. 
   do / a dog / you / have →
   
2. 
   you / coffee / do / like →
   
3. 
   speak/ she / English / does →
   
4. 
   he / can / dance –
   
5. 
   play / at / you / the weekends / do / tennis →
   
6. 
   go / last night / out / you / did →
   
7. 
   the train / when / leave / does →
   
8. 
   him / she / did / the truth / tell / why → 
   
9. 
   on / they / holiday / are →
   
10. 
    she / Australia / from / is →
    

Lesson 21. Text: “The Aral Sea“


Apendex1
In this lesson you will know ... Being able to find relevant and useful

• 
  new words and word combinations information in a book is a very important
  
• 
  the peoblem of the Aral Sea skill for any student. In this unit we will
  

practice some of these vital reference
skills.
T HE ARAL SEA

The Aral Sea, once the fourth largest lake in the world, has shrunk by more than half of its surface and by more than two thirds of its volume. Since 1960 its water level has fallen by more than 16 meters and its salinity has increased by more than 15 three times. The former sea bed is now a barren salt desert.

T he shrinkage of the sea is easily explained. The Aral Sea has no outflow so, in the past, nature kept a balance by replacing the water which evaporates in the hot sun (about 60 cubic kilometers each year) with new water brought by its two feeder rivers the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. However, the rise in demand for water to irrigate the cotton crops of Central Asia and to supply the growing population has led to more and more water being taken from the Amu Darya, the Syr Darya and their tributaries. As a result, the natural balance has been broken and the amount of water reaching the Aral Sea is no longer enough to replace that lost through evaporation. Consequently, the volume and level of the sea are decreasing, its shoreline is retreating, and its salinity is increasing.
The drying up of the Aral sea is one of the world's major environmental disasters. Not only is the environment around the lake being destroyed, but the livelihood and health of the people who live there are also being damaged. The cotton harvest in the fields of the Amu Darya delta is declining since the reduction in the area of the Sea has changed the local climate and resulted in a shorter growing season. The fertility of the soil has also been reduced by the salt blown off the dry seabed. Because of this drop in fertility, farmers use more chemicals on their land. These chemical fertilizers and pesticides have polluted the rivers and the Aral Sea itself. Drinking water taken from these sources is also polluted. In addition, the air contains salt, dust and pollutants blown from the sea bed. This pollution of the air and water is causing serious health problems. Many people suffer from anemia, breathing difficulties and stomach problems including gastritis. The infant mortality rates increased by 20% from 1980 to 1989 and have long been the highest in the Republic. Doctors say that these health problems are due to the bad water and polluted air.
Several international organizations including the UNDP and UNEP are now helping the Government of Uzbekistan to tackle the problem of the Aral Sea. The World Bank is giving over $30 million to help save the Sea and expensive research projects and international conferences of experts are planned. In fact, there is a joke that if every expert who visits the Aral Sea brought a bucket of water the problem could be solved! But for the people of the area it is no laughing matter. Written in chalk on the side of a ship stuck in the sand near Muynak are the words, "Forgive us Aral. Please come back!" Whether the Aral is prepared to forgive us is still an unanswered question.


EXERCISES:


1. Which of the following would you choose as a title for the text?
Environment Problems in Uzbekistan ...
The Pollution of the Aral Sea ...
The Aral Sea Desaster...


2. Find the answers to the following questions in the text.

1. 
   How many species of the fish once lived in the Aral Sea?
   
2. 
   By how much has the level of the Sea fallen since 1960?
   
3. 
   How much money is the World Bank giving to help tackle the problem?
   
4. 
   What was the increase in the rate of infant death between 1980 and 1989?
   

3. Retell the meaning of the text.


4. Make up questions and give them to your partner.

Lesson 22. “. GRAMMAR: Fe’lning noaniq shakli-infinitive

Fe’lning noaniq shakli –Infinitive fe’l vazifasida emas balki ot o’rnida ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
Quyidagi gaplarga e’tibor bering
I like pizza. (“pizza” ot )
I like to eat. (“to eat” fe’lning noaniq shakli)
I like to eat pizza. (“pizza”noaniq shakli to’ldiruvchi)
Fe’lning noaniq shakli (Infinitive) to go, to make, to take, to see, to get kabi shakllarda kelishi mumkin. Infinintive faqat fe’lning oddiy shakli sifatida keladi, fe’lning davomli yoki o’tgan zamon shakllarida ishlatilmaydi.


to went, to going (xato)


Need, want va boshqa ba’zi bir fe’llardan keyin infinitive (to verb) kelihsi mumkin:
What do you want to do today?- Bugun nima qilishni xohlaysiz?
I want to go to the park. – Men bugun parkka borishni xohlayman
Is there something you need to get at the store? – Do’konda siz olishingiz zarur bo’lgan biror narsa bormi?
A: Yes, I need to get some milk. Yes, men biroz sut olishim zarur
I like to listen to the radio. – Men radio tinglashni yoqtiraman
Like fe’li o’zidan keyin to + verb oladi:
To play in the snow is one of life’s greatest pleasures.
(To +verb ba’zan gap boshida keladi)
He went downstairs to get some coffee.
(to + verb ba’zan maqsadni ham ifodalaydi)
He plays the guitar in order to relax. (“in order to” maqsadni ifodalovchi so’z xuddi “because” ga o’xshash va ko’proq izohlashni ifodalaydi.)

• 
  want – fe’lining ishlatilishi Bu sahifada
  
• 
  need- fe’lining ishlatilishi Bu sahifada
  
• 
  Like – fe’lining ishlatilishi Bu sahifada
  

Quyidagi mashqni bajaring:
Example: Question: What is a fun thing to do?
Answer: It’s fun to go to the beach.
1. What is something that’s important to do?
2. What is something that’s necessary to do?
3. What is something that’s easy to do?
4. What is something that’s dangerous to do?
5. What is something that’s hard to do?
6. What is something that’s interesting to do?
7. What is something that’s exciting to do?
8. What is something that’s scary to do?
9. What is something that’s foolish to do?
10. What is something that’s frustrating to do?
Gerunds ham xuddi fe’lning noaniq shakli to + verb kabi ot vazifasini bajaradi. Lekin Gerund verb+ing bilan yasaladi.
Quyidagi misollarga e’tibor bering:
I like going to the beach. (“like”asosiy fe’l ; “going” gerund.)
Playing volleyball at the beach is fun. (“Playing” Gerund gap boshida ega vazifasida kelyapti.)
I like eating cold pizza. (“like”asosiy fe’l; “eating”gerund)
Ba’zan talabalar Gerund bilan davomli zamon fe’llarini adashtirib yuborishlari mumkin
I hate READING (gerund)
I am READING(davomli zamon)
Ko’rib turganizdek har ikki gapning fe’liga -ing qo’shilgan, ularni ajratib olish uchun doim esda saqlang

Davomli zamon be fe’li bilan ishlatiladi, gerund esa ishlatilmaydi.