Xidirova nargiza toshbadal qizi the concept "country" in english and uzbek proverbs and sayings

The practical significance of the dissertation paper lies on the fact that the
practical materials and examples reflecting the linguocultural peculiarities of the
English and Uzbek proverbs can be applied as practical examples at lectures on
Cultural linguistics and Lexicology. The procedure of the analysis of the practical
material can be applied on writing other dissertation papers on Cultural linguistics.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE STUDY OF PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS
1.1 -§. Concept as a means of verbalization of proverbs and sayings

Each nation has own culture, language, traditions and customs. Firstly, we should pay attention to the relationship between language and culture. There is a close relationship between them. But language, thought or culture are not all the same thing, but none of them can survive without the others. Language expresses the patterns and structures of culture, and consequently influences human thinking, manners and judgement. Language is intrinsic to the expression of culture. As a means of communicating values, beliefs and customs, it has an important social function and fosters feelings of group identity and solidarity. It is the means by which culture and its traditions and shared values may be conveyed and preserved. Language is fundamental to cultural identity¹.

Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living. The observable aspects of culture such as food, clothing, celebrations, religion and language are only part of a person's cultural heritage. The shared values, customs and histories characteristic of culture shape the way a person thinks, behaves and views the world. A shared cultural heritage bonds the members of the group together and creates a sense of belonging through community acceptance.
Culture is indeed a very influential factor in behavior and attitudes, in what one can or cannot do, or even in what one can or cannot imagine doing. In fact, structures and mental frames that determine our patterns of thinking are deeply embedded in social institutions, in language, in proverbs and sayings.
Proverbs not only belong to a language but also reflect much of its culture. In other words, they are considered to be a mirror reflecting social-cultural traditions in the most reliable ways².
Proverbs were always the most vivacious and at the same time the most stable part of the national languages, suitable competing with the sayings and aphorisms of outstanding thinkers. In the proverbs and sayings picturesqueness of national thinking was more vivid expressed as well as their features of national character. The proverbs and sayings are the paper of folklore which is short but deep in the meaning. They express the outlook of the amount of people by their social and ideal functions. Proverbs and sayings include themselves the some certain features of historical development and the culture of people.
Vulic and Zergollern-Miletic draw attention to the fact that each nation or country has its own proverbs, the occurrence of which has resulted from the lifestyle and customs of people, who have had strong bonds with the natural world, their religion and traditions at all times³.
In fact, these specific utterances, as well as English proverbs, represent wisdom, experience and commonplace beliefs, moral and social values that are basically the same in many nations. They have strong connection with people’s philosophy on life and contain general observations of practical knowledge, situations and other various aspects of life. Bufiene states that proverbs reflect reality as it is perceived by human beings without neglecting the most trivial, irrelevant phenomenon or situation⁴.
Proverbs and sayings of a particular nation provide a key to understanding the nation’s frame of mind, what stirs its emotions and provokes its thoughts; they can demonstrate how the national imagination is linked with the national identity and its peculiarities through memories, myths and meanings. The ‘links’ between the proverbs and cultural identity are reciprocal.
Proverbs and sayings make explicit the nation’s hidden constructs through its attitudes towards the concepts of space and time, through nation’s relationship with such values as fate and destiny, power and hierarchy, directness and indirectness, modesty, risk taking, age, and other facets. Proverbs and sayings are constructed to demonstrate the interplay between these meanings and the cultural identity of a nation. On the other hand, these proverbs and sayings shape and determine this or that cultural identity and dictate the rules and behavior codes for this very nation.
Taylor believes that “A proverb is an invention of an individual who uses ideas, words and ways of speaking that are generally familiar⁵. Because he does so, his sayings win acceptance and circulate in tradition”. Bearing all this in mind, it is evident that an easily memorable form and everyday speech help to establish proverbial tradition, which is handed down from generation to generation. Simple
constructions and ordinary vocabulary make proverbs more acceptable to the
general public and allow them to be applied in whatever circumstances. In
connection to what has been discussed above, one can see that proverbs have not
out lived their usefulness as they are still widely used till nowadays. One of the reasons can be noticed in the work of Grigas who states that proverbs can be considered as a result of people’s psyche, spiritual life, ethics and customs, and, therefore, they are closely related to human beings⁶.
Many English proverbs guide people to adopt a correct attitude towards life and to take a proper way to get along well with others. Some other proverbs tell people what to do and how to do it, so the proverbs guide people's daily life. From them, people may broaden their knowledge and outlook.
A. Potebnya addressed the issue of the interdependence of language and consciousness in which he established himself not only as a mature philosopher of language, but also developed profound theories specific to a catharsis. A. The concept of "people" was at the center of Potebnya's research in linguistics and folklore. Folk is described through language and folklore. Linguistics and folklore were at the heart of his work. After all, "folklore is a means of determining the age-old ethnic and national essence and worldview of the people"⁷.
American ethnolinguist E. Sepr took the theme of language and culture to a new level in his works. He said: “Language is from culture does not live in a disconnected state. Because language is an indicator of folk culture to a certain extent, his lexicon vividly describes the culture of the people he serves” ⁸.
By the end of the twentieth century, much attention was paid to the nature of language as a "product of culture." Because language not only preserves culture, but also plays an important role in passing it on from generation to generation.
Therefore, language plays a decisive role in the development of society and the nation. A. Vejbitskaya describes culture as follows. “Culture is a historical model of meanings embodied in symbols (ie language), a system of views expressed in the form of symbols, through which people communicate with each other, increase their knowledge and experience of life”⁹.
According to Maslova language is a mirror of culture, because it is along with the world around man, the social consciousness, worldview, traditions and customs of the people¹⁰.
From the above, it can be said that language and culture are interconnected phenomena, one cannot exist without the other. And V.N. Telia confirms “Culture and language are human is a form of consciousness that reflects his worldview. Language and culture interactin relation, will be in dialogue. The subject of language and culture is the person or is a social group. Normality and history are common features of language and culture”¹¹.
Although with the emergence of the science of linguocultural science, the science of linguocultural paradigm, cultural universality, cultural concept, cultural heritage, cultural tradition, cultural process, cultural norm and other concepts have entered, the cultural concept has a separate significance.
Concepts are terms used by social scientist as analytical categories to study society and social behaviour. Through the use of concepts social scientists develop categories that act as aids in the scientific investigation of behaviour in the society. In gender studies there are several such concepts that provide the framework in the study of behaviour.
For example, the concept of gender was first developed by Iill Matthews in 1984 in her study of the construction of femininity. According to Mathews, the concept of gender gives recognition to the fact that every known society 2 distinguishes between women and men.
Therefore the term / concept of gender is a systematic way of understanding men and women socially and the patterning of relationships between them. The concept of patriarchy help in the study of the male dominance in the society. The concept of gender helps to study the differences in behaviour between men and women and to analyse the basis of these differences as basically biological or as social constructions by the society.
The concepts masculinity and femininity define certain trout‟s as typically male as so masculine in nature or as typically female and so feminine in nature.
Also, the term concept is used by linguists A.Vejbitskaya, Yu.S. Stepanov, P.M. Frumkina It has been studied by Kubryakova et al. And is widely used in modern linguistics. However, there is no specific definition of this term. Because "a concept is a category that belongs to thinking and is not observed, so flour is interpreted differently¹².
To date, there are several approaches in linguistic conceptual definition. When describing a concept from a cognitive point of view, the interaction of mind and knowledge comes first.
Y.Stepanov describes the concept as "a cultural hotbed in the human mind¹³.