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Bid Bryson
Discussion
Affixation, general description.
Classifications of prefixes and suffixes:
according to their meaning;
according to their stylistic reference;
according to their origin;
other classifications.
Terminology
Word-formation (or word-building) is the creation of new words from the material available in the language on certain formulas and patterns. There are the following ways of word-formation in English: affixation, conversion, word-composition, shortening, back-formation, post-positivation, sound imitation, sound-interchange, stress-interchange.
Root is the semantic nuclear of a word, with which no grammatical properties of the word are connected.
Stem is that part of a word, which remains unchanged throughout its paradigm.
Word forming pattern is a structural and semantic formula, displaying a sequence of elements that is regularly reproduced in speech.
Affixation (or progressive derivation) - prefixation and suffixation - is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to stems.
Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes, e.g. pretest, coexist, impossible, awake.
Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes, e.g. employee, speechify, childish, northwards.
Practical Assignment
1. Translate the following words into Russian, taking into account the lexical meaning of the root and affixational morphemes.
Model: yearly.
The lexical meaning of the root-morpheme year- is 'a period of twelve months or 365 or 366 days, beginning on the first of January and ending on the thirty-first of December'. The lexical meaning of the affixational morpheme -ly is 'frequency'. The word yearly is rendered in Russian by the word ежегодно.
Eyelet, dehouse, neurosis, hostess, betrayal, antipathy, briefly, horsemanship, prewar, hazardous.
Classify the following words according to the part-of-speech meaning of their affixational morphemes.
Model: escapism. The affix -ism indicates that the derived word is a noun.
Suitability, hatless, accordingly, combination, befriend, sideways, Hospitalize, boyhood, congratulatory, enlarge, northwards, spacious, bureaucracy, quarrelsome, clarify, breakage, drinkable, weaken.
Add the negative prefix un- or in- (ir-, il-, im-) to these items. Group these words according to the nature of stems.
1. fortunate; 2. significant; 3.justice; 4. certain; 5. visible; 6. relevant;
aware; 8. assuming; 9. decent; 10. efficient; 11. mentionable; 12. mistakable; 13. conscious; 14. gratitude; 15. professional; 16. natural; 17. eatable; 18. edible; 19. doubted; 20. dubitable; 21. regular; 22. pleasant; 23. adequate; 24. mortal; 25. modest; 26. able; 27. ability; 28. willing; 29. voluntary; 30. desirable; 31. sensible; 32. sensitive; 33. thankful; 34. suspected; 35. valuable.
Distribute the given words formed by means of the polysemantic suffix -ship according to three meanings of this suffix into three corresponding groups: 1. skills or ability; 2. position or occupation; 3. relationship or connection between people.
Workmanship, comradeship, musicianship, chairmanship, friendship, professorship, showmanship, lectureship, kinship, sportsmanship, acquaintanceship.
Classify suffixes forming the given nouns according to their generalizing meaning into three groups: 1. suffixes denoting people of different professions or of different kinds of activity; 2. suffixes denoting collectivity or collection of;
suffixes denoting diminutiveness.
Membership, assistant, lecturette, trainee, sisterhood, actress, piglet, painter, machinery, aunty, yuppiedom, historian, duckling, finery, scientist, babykins, readership, supervisor, nightie, aristocracy.
Translate the given combinations of words into English. Pay special attention to the formation of different in meaning adjectives by means of adding different suffixes to one and the same derivational base.
Model: favour: любимый автор - благоприятная погода.
The English for любимый автор is a favourite author. The English for благоприятная погода is favourable weather.
exhaust: изнурительная работа - исчерпывающий ответ; 2. history: историческая победа - исторический фильм; 3. honour: почетный гражданин - почетная обязанность; 4. respect: почтительное молчание - почтенный человек; 5. skill: квалифицированный рабочий - опытный, искусный хирург; 6. culture: культурная жизнь - культурный человек; 7. touch: трогательные слова - обидчивый человек; 8. delight: восхищенные зрители - восхитительные каникулы; 9. economy: экономический кризис - экономные расходы; 10. contempt: презренный предатель - презрительная улыбка.
Group the given words according to their derivational structure into suffixal and prefixal derivatives.
Model: unwifely - un- + -wifely (a prefixal derivative); embittered - embitter- + -ed (a suffixal derivative).
Insensible, discouragement, unwomanly, impassioned, befriended, asystemic, unimaginable, discovery, irresponsible, impression, dishearten, indefensible, disguisement, accountable, unfriendly, outrageous, impersonal, renewable, underdeveloped, endangerment.
Write down the derivational formulae of the words. Use two ways of notation. _ . ..
Model: Unpretentiousness W = {[Pr1 + Pr2 + (R + L1 + L2)]}.
Malodorousness, trades-unionist, nuclear-physicist, desynonymize, misappreciation, unpleasantness.
Analyze the derivational structure of the following words and say how many steps of derivation they have undergone. Find your own examples of words of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc. degrees of derivation.
Indisputableness, irresponsiveness, unseaworthiness, theatricalization, revitalization, dehydrogenizer, librarianess, petticoatless.
It’s interesting to know...
shelfie
n. A photo of one or more shelves, usually bookshelves, owned by the photographer.
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